Question 1

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus (US) is something that naturally creates a response in an organism without any prior learning or conditioning. Choice A accurately describes this definition.

Question 2

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response. It creates a response only after conditioning, which is what distinguishes it from an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

In a Pavlovian experiment,a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

Accepted Answer

In a Pavlovian (classical conditioning) experiment, a tone serves as a conditioned stimulus (CS), not an unconditioned stimulus (US). The US would be something that naturally and automatically triggers the salivation response, such as the presentation of food.

Question 4

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,but not when a blender is used.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

Accepted Answer

The cat is able to distinguish between the sound of the can opener and the blender, showing a discrimination in its response to the two different stimuli.

Question 5

The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

Accepted Answer

Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment to improve their survival and reproduction, not to the reduction in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US). The term for the reduction in response you're describing is more accurately called "extinction" in the context of classical conditioning.

Question 6

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The definition of unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior conditioning or learning needed.

Question 7

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists use the term "phobia" to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. Panic attack, psychosis, and neurosis are not specific terms for this type of fear.

Question 8

Often,a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS,but by a similar one as well.This is known as stimulus:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. This means that the response is not only elicited by the original CS but also by similar stimuli. For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, it may also salivate when it hears a similar sound, such as a doorbell or a chime. This response to similar stimuli is known as stimulus generalization.

Question 9

Based on your text's discussion,how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that PTSD involves especially strong CS-US associations due to the traumatic nature of the event. Additionally, PTSD involves slow extinction of these associations, which may contribute to the persistence of symptoms. Therefore, both options A and B are correct. The text does not suggest that stimulus generalization or discrimination play a significant role in the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD.

Question 10

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.This example illustrates ________ conditioning.When May's cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening,the sound is a(n)________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates second-order conditioning because the cat has learned to associate the sound of the cabinet door opening with the sound of the electric can opener, which was the original conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the cabinet door opening becomes a second-order conditioned stimulus. Additionally, the sound of the cabinet door opening is now a conditioned stimulus, as it now elicits a response (the cat running to the kitchen).

Question 11

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________.

Accepted Answer

The fact that sounds similar to gunshots, like firecrackers and cars backfiring, scare Janine suggests that she is experiencing stimulus generalization. This means that she is responding to a wide range of stimuli that are similar to the ones she experienced during traumatic events. Stimulus extinction refers to the process of decreasing a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus alone without the unconditioned stimulus. Stimulus discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond differently to them. Association is a broad term that does not specifically relate to the scenario presented in the question.

Question 12

In ________ conditioning,an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Accepted Answer

Second-order conditioning involves using an existing conditioned stimulus (CS) as the unconditioned stimulus (US) in a pairing with a new CS, leading the new CS to also become conditioned.

Question 13

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The sounds of firecrackers and car backfires have become associated with the traumatic experiences Jonas faced in Iraq, leading to a conditioned response of fear and anxiety. Therefore, they are best thought of as conditioned stimuli.

Question 14

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n)___________ approach to psychology.

Accepted Answer

Garcia's taste conditioning research focused on the survival-enhancing ability to associate taste with illness, suggesting a biological preparedness for certain types of classical conditioning. This supports a nature-based or evolutionary approach to psychology.

Question 15

An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. A phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that generally poses little to no actual danger.

Question 16

In its discussion of second-order conditioning,your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday,the day one receives one's paycheck.The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy.With respect to this example,which of the following statements is true

Accepted Answer

Friday is initially neutral, but it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR) of feeling good due to its association with the unconditioned stimulus (US) of receiving a paycheck. The paycheck itself is the original US that elicits the response of feeling good, but it is not part of the conditioned response to Friday. Therefore, option B is incorrect. Option A is also incorrect because Friday is not the unconditioned stimulus that elicits the response of feeling good, but rather the conditioned stimulus associated with the US. Option C is incorrect because feeling good on Friday is not an unconditioned response (UR), but rather a CR that is learned through association with the US.

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of rest. This reappearance is often stronger than the response seen at the end of the initial extinction. Therefore, spontaneous recovery does entail an increase in response.

Question 18

In classical conditioning,which of the following pairs are most similar

Accepted Answer

The answer of In classical conditioning,which of the following pairs...

Question 19

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.Which alternative identifies the CS(s)for the cat's behavior of running

Accepted Answer

The cat's behavior of running to the kitchen is conditioned to both the sound of the can opener and the sound of the cabinet door, as it anticipates the sound of the can opener when it hears the sound of the cabinet door opening. Therefore, both A and B are the conditioned stimuli (CSs) for the cat's behavior. Option C is not relevant as there is no mention of the cat being conditioned to the smell of food.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Garcia's work shows that classical conditioning is not a simple process of association between stimuli and responses, as Pavlov's theory proposed. Instead, Garcia's findings demonstrate that the nature of the stimuli and the biological predispositions of the organism play a crucial role in determining the conditioning process. Consequently, Garcia's work constrains Pavlov's theory by demonstrating that it cannot account for all the complexities of classical conditioning.

Quiz 7: Social Psychology: Stereotypes

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)

In a Pavlovian experiment,a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,but not when a blender is used.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.

Often,a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS,but by a similar one as well.This is known as stimulus:

Based on your text's discussion,how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.This example illustrates conditioning.When May's cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening,the sound is a(n) stimulus.

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________.

In ________ conditioning,an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) _____ approach to psychology.

An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

In its discussion of second-order conditioning,your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday,the day one receives one's paycheck.The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy.With respect to this example,which of the following statements is true

Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

In classical conditioning,which of the following pairs are most similar

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.Which alternative identifies the CS(s) for the cat's behavior of running

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Quiz 7: Social Psychology: Stereotypes

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)

In a Pavlovian experiment,a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,but not when a blender is used.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.

Often,a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS,but by a similar one as well.This is known as stimulus:

Based on your text's discussion,how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.This example illustrates ________ conditioning.When May's cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening,the sound is a(n) ________ stimulus.

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________.

In ________ conditioning,an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) ___________ approach to psychology.

An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

In its discussion of second-order conditioning,your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday,the day one receives one's paycheck.The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy.With respect to this example,which of the following statements is true

Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

In classical conditioning,which of the following pairs are most similar

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.Which alternative identifies the CS(s) for the cat's behavior of running

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.This example illustrates conditioning.When May's cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening,the sound is a(n) stimulus.

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) _____ approach to psychology.