Question 1

Lev Vygotsky contended that cognitive skills are

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory suggests that cognitive skills are developed through social interaction and cultural influences, rather than solely based on genetics or subconscious processes. He emphasized the importance of language and communication in cognitive development, as language provides a means for social interaction and sharing of knowledge.

Question 2

Mark,who is 14 years old,spends a lot of time thinking about the world as it currently is and the world as it could be if everyone took a greater degree of personal responsibility for environmental and social conditions.According to Piaget,Mark is in the ________ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational stage begins around age 12 and extends into adulthood. This stage is characterized by abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning, which allows individuals to think logically about concepts that cannot be seen or experienced directly. Mark's ability to think about how the world could be if certain actions were taken indicates that he is in the formal operational stage.

Question 3

Dr.Baker-Finch considers early computers as the "founding fathers" of the developmental theory he supports.He is trying to draw analogies between a computer's hardware and the brain and between computer software and cognition.Dr.Baker-Finch would be considered a(n)________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Baker-Finch is drawing analogies between computers and the brain, which suggests an interest in information processing theory. Therefore, he would be considered an information-processing theorist.

Question 4

Billy has begun to assert his independence by wanting to do things by himself.He is MOST likely in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the second stage of psychosocial development is the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, which occurs during the toddler years. During this stage, children like Billy assert their independence by wanting to do things by themselves. They are exploring their environment and developing a sense of autonomy. Thus, the best choice is B.

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE about Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes both early and later experiences. It includes eight stages that cover the entire lifespan, emphasizing the importance of each stage in developing a different aspect of personality. While Freud's theory focuses on early childhood experiences and the importance of sexual drives, Erikson's theory is more comprehensive and includes social, cultural, and individual factors that shape personality.

Question 6

According to Erik Erikson,during adolescence,people are in the ________ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that during adolescence, individuals are in the identity versus identity confusion stage. This is a time when individuals are exploring their sense of self and trying to establish their own identity, which can lead to confusion and uncertainty. This stage is characterized by the need for self-discovery and the establishment of a sense of belonging and purpose.

Question 7

________ theories emphasize the importance of conscious thought.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theories focus on the role of conscious thought in shaping behavior, perception, and learning. These theories emphasize the importance of mental processes, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, in understanding human behavior. In contrast, sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social and cultural factors in shaping behavior, while psychoanalytic theories focus on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. Ethological theories focus on the study of behavior in natural settings and the role of evolution in shaping behavior.

Question 8

"Sit down,shut up,and respect your brother!" Mom shouts to Timmy."Learn to talk,instead of fighting!" According to Bandura,Timmy is likely to

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's social learning theory, individuals learn behaviors through observation and imitation. Timmy is likely to imitate his mother's yelling behavior as a way to solve problems.

Question 9

Because Dr.Simon is a cognitive theorist,we know that she emphasizes the importance of ________ in development.

Accepted Answer

As a cognitive theorist, Dr. Simon focuses on the role of conscious thoughts and mental processes in development. She believes that our cognitive abilities and thought processes shape our behavior and experiences, and therefore, are crucial in understanding human development.

Question 10

According to Erikson's theory,during the ________ stage of psychosocial development,children are asked to assume responsibility for their bodies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Erikson's theory,during the ________ stage...

Question 11

According to ________,we go through four stages in understanding the world.Each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking,a different way of understanding the world.

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget proposed the theory of cognitive development, which suggests that we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world.

Question 12

Which of the following is a criticism of the psychoanalytic theories?

Accepted Answer

One of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theories is that they treat Western culture and males as the measure for evaluating everyone. This criticism suggests that the theories are not universal and fail to account for cultural and gender differences. The other options presented in the question are not criticisms of psychoanalytic theories.

Question 13

Erikson charged elementary school teachers to nourish children's motivation for mastery and curiosity.Which stage of his psychosocial theory was Erikson hoping teachers would promote?

Accepted Answer

Erikson was hoping teachers would promote the stage of industry versus inferiority, which occurs in late childhood (around age 6 to puberty). This stage involves developing a sense of competence and confidence in one's abilities, as well as a desire to achieve success and mastery in various areas. Teachers can support children's development in this stage by providing opportunities for them to engage in challenging and meaningful activities, and by offering positive feedback and encouragement for their efforts.

Question 14

________ theorists believe that scientifically we can study only what can be directly observed and measured.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral theorists believe that behavior can be observed and measured, and therefore focus on observable behavior rather than unconscious processes or theoretical constructs that cannot be directly observed. Psychoanalytic theorists focus on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences, while cognitive and information-processing theorists focus on mental processes such as perception, memory, and attention.

Question 15

The work of Ivan Pavlov and ________ provided the foundations of behaviorism,which essentially holds that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is known for his research on classical conditioning, but it was John B. Watson who established behaviorism as a psychological school of thought. Behaviorism emphasizes the study of observable behavior and downplays the role of internal mental processes and subjective experiences. Watson believed that all behavior, including complex human behavior, can be explained by the principles of classical and operant conditioning.

Question 16

According to Piaget,the ________ stage lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age.In this stage,children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and begin to represent the world with words,images,and drawings.

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage, according to Piaget, lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. During this stage, children begin to use symbols (words, images, and drawings) to represent objects and events in the world, but they still struggle with logical thinking and understanding others' perspectives.

Question 17

________ work gave rise to the idea that knowledge is situated and collaborative.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's work emphasizes that knowledge is situated in social and cultural contexts and is constructed through collaboration and interaction with others. He introduced the concept of the "zone of proximal development" which highlights the importance of social interaction in learning and development.

Question 18

________ is Erikson's eighth and final stage of development,which individuals experience in late adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's eighth and final stage of development is Integrity versus despair, which individuals experience in late adulthood. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment (integrity) or a sense of regret and disappointment (despair). It is a time for individuals to come to terms with their mortality and the meaning of their existence.

Question 19

Parenting strategies that focus on developing trust,encouraging initiative,promoting industry,and stimulating identity exploration are based on the work of

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is based on the idea that individuals progress through eight stages of development, and each stage involves a specific crisis or challenge that must be resolved. The four strategies mentioned in the question align with Erikson's stage theory - trust vs. mistrust (infancy), initiative vs. guilt (early childhood), industry vs. inferiority (middle childhood), and identity vs. role confusion (adolescence). Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 20

Third-grader Beth is very enthusiastic about learning how to use the computer to find things on the Internet.According to Erikson's theory,she is in the ________ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the "industry versus inferiority" stage occurs during the elementary school years, where children develop a sense of competence and mastery in skills, such as using a computer.

Quiz 1: Introduction