Question 1

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is

Accepted Answer

The most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is secure attachment. Research has consistently shown that secure attachment is the most common attachment style across cultures, followed by insecure attachment styles such as insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 2

With reference to the Strange Situation,________ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness,perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Accepted Answer

The behavior described is indicative of the insecure resistant attachment style in the Strange Situation. In this style, the baby is initially clingy to the caregiver but then resists the closeness by fighting against it, often by kicking or pushing away.

Question 3

Positive mental health,high self-esteem,self-confidence,and socially competent interaction with peers are all associated with the ________ attachment pattern.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals with a secure attachment pattern tend to have better mental health outcomes, higher self-esteem, greater self-confidence, and more positive social interactions with their peers. In contrast, the other attachment patterns (avoidant, resistant, and disorganized) tend to be associated with various negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and difficulties in social relationships.

Question 4

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 4 of development,

Accepted Answer

In phase 4 of Bowlby's attachment theory, children become aware of others' feelings and begin to take them into account, which marks the development of a more reciprocal relationship.

Question 5

In terms of attachment,social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The presence or absence of life-like dolls in the environment is not a relevant factor in the social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior. The other options (A, B, and C) are all examples of relevant factors that contribute to infants' ability to recognize and expect certain behaviors from their caregivers.

Question 6

The ________ model focuses on connections between a wide range of biological,cognitive,and socioemotional processes and often includes social contexts as well.

Accepted Answer

The developmental cascade model emphasizes the interplay between various biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, including the influence of social contexts.

Question 7

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that maternal sensitivity, or the ability of the caregiver to read and respond appropriately to the infant's signals, is the most important factor for the development of secure attachment in infants in the United States. Physical comfort, social referencing, and reciprocal socialization can also play a role, but they are not as strongly linked to secure attachment as maternal sensitivity.

Question 8

Which type of early attachment pattern is MOST strongly linked to externalizing problems such as hostility and aggression?

Accepted Answer

The disorganized attachment pattern is strongly linked to externalizing problems such as hostility and aggression. This is because infants who develop a disorganized attachment pattern often experience a lack of consistent and appropriate caregiving, leading to confusion and anxiety in their interactions with their caregivers. This can result in a range of negative outcomes, including externalizing behaviors such as aggression and hostility. In contrast, the secure attachment pattern is associated with positive developmental outcomes, including lower levels of externalizing problems. The avoidant and resistant attachment patterns are also linked to negative outcomes, but they tend to be more associated with internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression.

Question 9

In the Strange Situation,the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room are described as ________ babies.

Accepted Answer

In the Strange Situation, insecure avoidant babies show little interaction with the caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves, indicating a lack of attachment.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is a major criticism of attachment theory?

Accepted Answer

One major criticism of attachment theory is that it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exist in an infant's world. It is argued that attachment theory primarily focuses on the relationship between the child and the primary caregiver and does not take into account the role of other important socializing agents and contexts such as siblings, peers, and cultural differences.

Question 11

With reference to the Strange Situation,babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance,or display specific behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver,will be classified as ________ babies.

Accepted Answer

Babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, or display extreme fearfulness around the caregiver, are classified as insecure disorganized. This attachment style is characterized by a lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with separation and reunion, often due to inconsistent or frightening caregiver behavior.

Question 12

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he does not cry.When she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth,Jeremy's attachment to his mother is

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's behavior of not crying when his mother leaves and not seeking contact when she returns suggests an insecure-avoidant attachment. Children with this type of attachment tend to avoid or ignore their caregiver and show little or no distress when separated from them.

Question 13

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father,they are said to be in

Accepted Answer

In Bowlby's attachment theory, phase 3 is the "clear-cut attachment" phase, where infants actively seek contact with their primary caregivers.

Question 14

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment, specifically how infants respond to the separation and reunion of their caregiver in a structured environment. It is used to classify infants into attachment styles such as secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized/disoriented.

Question 15

With reference to the Strange Situation,when the mother of a securely attached baby leaves the room,the baby

Accepted Answer

A securely attached baby may protest mildly when the mother leaves but is generally able to be comforted and will seek comfort from the mother upon her return.

Question 16

Infants who are insecurely attached to both parents ("double insecure")at the age of 15 months

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants who are double insecurely attached have more externalizing problems (such as aggression and defiance) in elementary school years compared to those who are securely attached. This suggests that early attachment experiences can have long-term effects on children's socioemotional development. Choices B, C, and D are not supported by research findings.

Question 17

When put on the floor to play,Lillian cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n)________ baby.

Accepted Answer

Lillian's behavior of crying when put on the floor to play and pushing her mother away when picked up suggests that she is insecurely attached. However, her active resistance to her mother's attempt to comfort her indicates that she is an insecure resistant baby.

Question 18

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 2 of development,

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby, in phase 2 of development (from 6 to 7 months to 18 to 24 months), attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver. Infants become more selective in who they seek comfort from and develop a special bond with one caregiver. This is known as "specific attachment."

Question 19

Caregivers of avoidant babies

Accepted Answer

Caregivers of avoidant babies often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them. They tend to be distant and unresponsive, which can lead to the development of an avoidant attachment style in the child.

Question 20

Caregivers of disorganized babies

Accepted Answer

Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or physically abuse them, leading to the development of disorganized attachment in the child.

Quiz 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy