Question 1

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are not always fatal, although they can certainly have serious consequences if left untreated or if the immune system attacks critical organs or tissues. Many autoimmune diseases can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, and some can even go into remission.

Question 2

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________.

Accepted Answer

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called myeloma cells. Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell. Lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system.

Question 3

Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type.Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor,but will not reject the blood from the donor?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells do not have Class I MHC molecules, which identify foreign cells to the immune system. Therefore, the recipient will not recognize the donor's blood as foreign and will not mount an immune response. However, kidney tissue does have Class I MHC molecules, and the recipient's immune system will recognize the donor's kidney tissue as foreign and launch an attack.

Question 4

Clusters of differentiation (CDs)molecules are used to differentiate,classify,and name different cells of the immune system.Where are these molecules located?

Accepted Answer

Clusters of differentiation (CDs) are molecules found on the plasma membrane of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. They are used to identify and differentiate between different types of immune cells.

Question 5

Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated?

Accepted Answer

Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves the production of IgE antibodies to an allergen, leading to the activation of mast cells and the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Type II, III, and IV hypersensitivities involve different mechanisms and immune cells.

Question 6

Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells,either by lysis or toxic mediators.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a...

Question 7

Type _________ hypersensitivity involves delayed,cell-mediated immune reactions.

Accepted Answer

Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), involves cell-mediated immune reactions that typically require 24-72 hours to develop. This response is mediated by T cells and is characterized by inflammation and tissue damage resulting from the release of cytokines and toxic molecules, rather than the direct action of antibodies. Examples include contact dermatitis, tuberculin (skin) test reactions, and some autoimmune diseases.

Question 8

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve

Accepted Answer

Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the formation of immune complexes, which are formed when antigens combine with antibodies to form large complexes that can deposit in tissues and activate complement, causing inflammation and tissue damage. Arthritis is one example of a Type III hypersensitivity condition where immune complexes deposit in joints, leading to inflammation and joint destruction. Mast cell activation (A) is associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions, cytotoxic reactions (B) are associated with Type II hypersensitivity reactions, and delayed cell-mediated immune reactions (C) are associated with Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 9

T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance.

Accepted Answer

T-cell tolerance is induced in the thymus, but B-cell tolerance is induced in two places: the bone marrow and the peripheral lymphoid organs. Therefore, the statement that both types of tolerance are called peripheral tolerance is false.

Question 10

__________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic reaction.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an...

Question 11

Due to a genetic defect,an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells.Predict the most likely consequence.

Accepted Answer

T cytotoxic cells are responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells and cells infected with intracellular bacteria. Therefore, the absence of T cytotoxic cells will impair the individual's ability to fight these types of infections. This would not necessarily affect antibody production, and while SCID is a severe immunodeficiency, it is not specifically caused by a lack of T cytotoxic cells. Infections caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are typically controlled by other components of the immune system (such as phagocytes and other T cell subsets) and may not be influenced by the absence of T cytotoxic cells.

Question 12

Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?"

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces allow immune cells to recognize "self" cells by presenting peptides derived from normal cellular proteins. This is important for detecting virus-infected or cancerous cells that may have abnormal proteins on their surface. Class II MHC molecules present antigens from foreign pathogens to immune cells, which is important for initiating an immune response against these invaders. Ig D molecules are not involved in self-recognition, and ABO antigenic markers are important for blood type determination but not for general cell recognition by the immune system.

Question 13

Which of the statements about haptens is correct?

Accepted Answer

Haptens are typically small organic molecules that can bind to larger carrier molecules to generate an immune response. Examples of haptens include drugs, chemicals, and some small proteins.

Question 14

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens,while "tolerating" _________ ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability...

Question 15

What determines the cell type that a given CD4⁺ T_H0 cell will differentiate into?

Accepted Answer

The type of cytokine exposure is a major determinant of the cell type that a CD4⁺ T_H0 cell will differentiate into. Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate communication between cells and can influence a wide range of cellular responses, including differentiation, proliferation, and survival. The specific cytokine milieu in which a CD4⁺ T_H0 cell finds itself will therefore determine the fate of the cell, pushing it towards a particular type of effector cell (e.g. Th1, Th17, Tfh, etc.). Other factors, such as antigen exposure and hormonal cues, may also play a role in determining cell fate, but they are typically more secondary in their effects.

Question 16

Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are present is known as _________.

Accepted Answer

Negative selection is also known as clonal deletion, which removes any T or B cells that react to self-antigens during the process of maturation in the thymus or bone marrow. This helps to prevent autoimmunity. Positive selection, on the other hand, ensures that T cells can recognize and respond to antigens presented by MHC molecules, while neutralization refers to the process of blocking the activity of a pathogen or toxin through the use of antibodies or other molecules.

Question 17

CD4 molecules are found on T ____________ cells,whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T___________ cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of CD4 molecules are found on T ____________...

Question 18

An undifferentiated CD4⁺ T_H0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells,which include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The question is about cell differentiation, and the correct answer is C because the code pattern does not match the progression or differentiation pathway implied by the other options. Options A, B, D, and E show a logical progression in the differentiation sequence, while option C deviates from this pattern.

Question 19

Which of the following antibodies is (are)involved in opsonization?

Accepted Answer

IgG₁ and IgG₃ are both subclasses of IgG antibodies that are involved in opsonization, which is the process of labeling pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells. IgD is not involved in opsonization.

Question 20

Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T____________ cells,while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _____________ cells.

Accepted Answer

Antigen presented within Type I MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules activates T cytotoxic cells, which are primarily involved in directly killing infected cells. Type II MHC molecules present antigens to T helper cells, which play a crucial role in orchestrating the immune response by helping activate other immune cells.

Quiz 34: Adaptive Immunity

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________.

Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type.Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor,but will not reject the blood from the donor?

Clusters of differentiation (CDs) molecules are used to differentiate,classify,and name different cells of the immune system.Where are these molecules located?

Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated?

Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells,either by lysis or toxic mediators.

Type _________ hypersensitivity involves delayed,cell-mediated immune reactions.

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve

T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance.

__________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic reaction.

Due to a genetic defect,an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells.Predict the most likely consequence.

Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?"

Which of the statements about haptens is correct?

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens,while "tolerating" _ .

What determines the cell type that a given CD4⁺ T_H0 cell will differentiate into?

Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are present is known as _________.

CD4 molecules are found on T __ cells,whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T_ cells.

An undifferentiated CD4⁺ T_H0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells,which include all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following antibodies is (are) involved in opsonization?

Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T cells,while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _ cells.

Quiz 34: Adaptive Immunity

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________.

Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type.Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor,but will not reject the blood from the donor?

Clusters of differentiation (CDs) molecules are used to differentiate,classify,and name different cells of the immune system.Where are these molecules located?

Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated?

Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells,either by lysis or toxic mediators.

Type _________ hypersensitivity involves delayed,cell-mediated immune reactions.

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve

T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance.

__________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic reaction.

Due to a genetic defect,an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells.Predict the most likely consequence.

Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?"

Which of the statements about haptens is correct?

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens,while "tolerating" _________ ________.

What determines the cell type that a given CD4+ TH0 cell will differentiate into?

Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are present is known as _________.

CD4 molecules are found on T ____________ cells,whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T___________ cells.

An undifferentiated CD4+ TH0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells,which include all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following antibodies is (are) involved in opsonization?

Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T____________ cells,while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _____________ cells.

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens,while "tolerating" _ .

What determines the cell type that a given CD4⁺ T_H0 cell will differentiate into?

CD4 molecules are found on T __ cells,whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T_ cells.

An undifferentiated CD4⁺ T_H0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells,which include all of the following EXCEPT

Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T cells,while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _ cells.