Question 1

The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers tend to see themselves in a more simplistic manner, often labeling themselves as either "good at doing things" or not, while older children have a more complex self-concept that includes a greater number of dimensions. The other options are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the self-concepts of either age group.

Question 2

Research has shown that ______ are slightly more likely than _______to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that females are more likely to emphasize their group identity and relationships with others, while males tend to prioritize their individual identity and personal achievements. This difference is thought to be due to societal expectations and gender roles that encourage females to maintain social connections and relationships.

Question 3

What area within psychology studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?

Accepted Answer

Social cognition is the area of psychology that studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others, including how they perceive, interpret, and remember social information. This includes the development of empathy, perspective-taking, and theory of mind skills. Ethology is the study of animal behavior, psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind, and empathy is an emotional response to others' emotions.

Question 4

The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in

Accepted Answer

The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in egocentrism. This means that children become better able to understand other people's perspectives and consider them alongside their own. They are able to think logically about concrete objects and events and can understand that changes in appearance do not necessarily indicate changes in quantity. They also become better able to classify objects and understand their relationships to one another. However, this period is not directly related to identity formation or ethnocentrism.

Question 5

During the ages of 6 to 12,the child's social world

Accepted Answer

During the ages of 6 to 12, the child's social world expands as they begin to interact with a wider range of people outside their immediate family and develop friendships with peers. They also become more involved in extracurricular activities, which can further expand their social circle.

Question 6

The period during which psychosexual feelings become unconscious so that children can focus on social and intellectual skills is known as

Accepted Answer

The latency stage is characterized by the repression of psychosexual feelings and a focus on social and intellectual skills. This stage occurs between early childhood and puberty, after the phallic stage and before the genital stage. The other answer choices (A, B, and D) refer to earlier stages of psychosexual development.

Question 7

Four-year-old Daniel is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises.Daniel says that he would not save the kitten because he has allergies to kittens and that his father would not save the kitten because he probably has allergies,too.Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

Accepted Answer

Level 0, or "egocentric" or "undifferentiated" perspective-taking, is characterized by the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and that of others. Daniel's response indicates he is applying his own feelings and situation (allergies to kittens) to his father, showing an undifferentiated perspective.

Question 8

Celia is 13 years old.She answers Selman's perspective-taking exercise by saying that society expects children to obey their parents.Because of this,Holly should realize why her father might punish her.Which of Selman's stages does this represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Celia is 13 years old.She answers Selman's...

Question 9

According to Piaget,which stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, middle childhood (ages 7-12) is associated with the concrete operations stage of cognitive development. During this stage, children develop more logical and organized thinking and are able to understand concepts such as conservation and reversibility. They also become capable of mental operations, such as classification and seriation, and can understand the concept of cause and effect.

Question 10

According to recent longitudinal research (DuBow et al.,2009),a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts child

Accepted Answer

According to the research, a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts the child's educational and occupational success 40 years later. The study did not mention the child's popularity in high school, IQ at age 20, or level of aggressive behavior at age 8.

Question 11

Which is the typical developmental path for self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that self-esteem tends to decline during middle childhood (ages 8-12) and hits a low point around age 12 or 13. However, it then tends to increase during adolescence and into young adulthood. Therefore, option B is the most accurate reflection of the typical developmental path for self-esteem.

Question 12

Stephanie is 7 years old.She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises.Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree.But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten,then he would not be upset.Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

Accepted Answer

This type of thinking represents Level 1 (ages 6-8) of Selman's perspective-taking stages, where individuals are able to understand that others may have different perspectives, but still struggle to take the perspective of others into account when considering their own actions. Stephanie is able to take into account the father's perspective (that he would be upset about climbing the tree), but only sees a solution where Holly just has to explain her own perspective (that she was rescuing a kitten) to eliminate the father's concern.

Question 13

The middle childhood years are marked by

Accepted Answer

The middle childhood years are marked by development of new skills, expansion of self-understanding, and increasing importance of social relationships. Children in this age range typically develop more complex cognitive abilities, language and social skills, and a greater sense of their own identity and personality. They also begin to place greater importance on their relationships with friends and family, and develop a deeper understanding of social norms and expectations. All of these factors contribute to the unique characteristics of middle childhood.

Question 14

Compared to early childhood,self-definitions in middle childhood are

Accepted Answer

Middle childhood self-definitions are more abstract and internal than those in early childhood, which are typically more concrete and focused on physical characteristics. Children in middle childhood may define themselves in terms of personality traits, social roles, and personal values, reflecting a shift towards more complex and introspective self-awareness. While their self-definitions may not always be entirely realistic, they are more developed and nuanced than those of younger children.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about how children in middle childhood regulate their behavior?

Accepted Answer

Middle childhood is a time when children begin to develop the ability to regulate their own behavior. They start to understand the consequences of their actions and are better able to control their impulses. While rewards and punishments still play a role in shaping their behavior, children increasingly rely on their own internal motivation to guide their actions. Gender does not appear to play a significant role in regulatory abilities, and modeling continues to be an effective method for promoting change.

Question 16

Erikson and Freud agreed that the main task of middle childhood is to

Accepted Answer

Both Erikson and Freud identified the importance of developing intellectual and social skills during middle childhood. Erikson called this stage Industry vs. Inferiority, where children are motivated to become competent in tasks and skills, and Freud identified the Latency period where sexual and aggressive drives become repressed and children focus on developing social skills and relationships.

Question 17

According to Freud,during middle childhood,psychosexual feelings

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, during middle childhood (ages 6-12), the focus of psychosexual development shifts from the genital region to the ego and social relationships. This means that psychosexual feelings and impulses recede and take a backseat to the child's developing sense of self and relationships with others.

Question 18

Reese describes herself by saying,"I am a girl.I love soccer.I have a younger brother.I ride the bus to school.I like strawberries." This self-description is typical of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reese describes herself by saying,"I am a...

Question 19

Erin is 8 years old.According to Erikson,she's in the industry versus inferiority stage.In order to successfully navigate this stage,Erin will need to

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the industry versus inferiority stage occurs during the middle childhood years (6-11 years old) and is characterized by the need to master tasks and challenges related to school, sports, and social relationships. Therefore, in order to successfully navigate this stage, Erin will need to develop a sense of competence and mastery in these areas. The other options listed are more relevant to earlier stages in Erikson's theory (such as trust versus mistrust in infancy and autonomy versus shame and doubt in toddlerhood).

Question 20

According to Erikson,children in middle childhood are in the ________ stage of psychosocial development.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that during middle childhood (ages 6-12), children are in the industry versus inferiority stage of psychosocial development. During this stage, children focus on developing a sense of competence and mastery in their skills and abilities. They also begin to compare themselves to their peers and may experience feelings of inferiority if they believe they are not able to measure up.

Quiz 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development