Question 1

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden in their house. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility between a child's temperament and the environment in which they grow up. In this case, Monsena's adventurous nature is not compatible with her mother's overprotective parenting style, leading to a discrepancy in their expectations and behaviors. A discussion of goodness of fit would be relevant in this situation. The other options, nonreciprocal interactions, social dysfunction, and insecure attachment, do not necessarily apply to the given scenario.

Question 2

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:

Accepted Answer

Sakura's behavior of being wary of new situations and people and disliking dealing with novel situations is characteristic of a slow-to-warm-up child according to Thomas & Chess. This type of child takes time to adjust to new situations and people, but eventually, they will adapt.

Question 3

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's theory of temperament suggests that it is largely determined by inherited physiological characteristics, but can also be influenced by the environment to some degree. While genes play a significant role in shaping temperament, environmental factors such as parenting, socialization, and cultural norms can also impact it. Therefore, choice A is the best answer as it reflects the interactive interplay between nature and nurture in determining temperament.

Question 4

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that _____ is an important dimension of temperament in infants, because it shows the ability (or the lack of it) to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves.

Accepted Answer

The concept being described is effortful control, which refers to an infant's ability to regulate their arousal and emotions. Option A (introversion) and option D (extraversion) are not related to the concept being described. Option C (emotionality) is related to temperament but does not specifically address the ability to regulate arousal.

Question 5

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will MOST likely:

Accepted Answer

At 24 months old, a child has developed self-awareness and recognizes themselves in a mirror. Tyler is likely to touch his own nose to wipe off the spot, showing self-recognition and understanding of his own body.

Question 6

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Juan has been showing marked increase in...

Question 7

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that infants are perceiving others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed, indicating an understanding of the social world beyond just sensory perceptions and object manipulation.

Question 8

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

Accepted Answer

Overprotectiveness and criticism can create a sense of shame and doubt in children as it limits their ability to explore the world and make decisions on their own. Criticism can also make them doubt their abilities and feel incompetent.

Question 9

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas...

Question 10

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

Accepted Answer

The second stage of personality development, according to Erik Erikson, is the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. During this stage, which occurs during early childhood, children begin to develop a sense of independence and the ability to make decisions for themselves. They may become curious about their environment and want to explore it on their own, which can lead to a sense of achievement and confidence. However, if the child is not allowed to explore or make decisions for themselves, they may develop a sense of shame and doubt about their abilities.

Question 11

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:
...

Question 12

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of...

Question 13

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

Accepted Answer

Chess and Thomas found that 40% of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

Question 14

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Low thyroxine levels are not typically associated with inhibited temperament. Inhibited temperament is more commonly linked to physiological responses such as stable heart rate, high cortisol levels, and increased activity in the right frontal lobe.

Question 15

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to how well a child's temperament aligns with the environmental demands they face. This can include factors such as parenting style, the child's schedule, and their daily routines. It's important for parents and caregivers to be aware of their child's temperament and make adjustments to ensure a good fit, which can aid in their overall development and well-being.

Question 16

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

Accepted Answer

This study relates to the development of a sense of self in infants, as researchers are observing how the infants react to their own reflection in the mirror with the added element of rouge on their nose.

Question 17

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson believed that the first stage of psychosocial development is trust versus mistrust, which occurs from birth to one year of age. A primary task during this stage is for the infant to develop a sense of trust in their caregivers. Soothing a crying infant communicates to the infant that their needs will be met, which promotes a healthy sense of trust. Therefore, the most likely recommendation by Erikson would be to pick up the baby and soothe him/her.

Question 18

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the concept of two individuals focusing on the same object or event and acknowledging each other's attention. This helps infants understand that other people have intentions and goals, and it allows them to learn from others' behaviors and actions.

Question 19

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n):

Accepted Answer

Cara's regular routine and ability to adapt easily suggest that she is an easy child, according to Chess and Thomas's classifications.

Question 20

In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In North America, parents tend to prefer...

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy