Question 1

Although parts of his theory have been heavily criticized,Freud's contribution to the field of human growth included all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Freud did not focus on the importance of developing formal operational thought, which is a stage of cognitive development described in Jean Piaget's theory. Freud's focus was primarily on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations, the influence of childhood experiences, and the ambivalence of emotional responses.

Question 2

As an adult,Mary spends considerable time each day cleaning her apartment,arranging her socks in a drawer until they are just right,and making schedules on a calendar.According to Freud,Mary is probably fixated in the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the anal stage occurs from 18 months to 3 years of age. Fixation at this stage can result in obsessive or controlling behaviors related to orderliness, cleanliness, and control. Mary's behaviors of cleaning and arranging suggest fixation in this stage.

Question 3

According to Freud,during early childhood boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers.Freud called this development

Accepted Answer

Freud called this development the Oedipus complex, in which boys experience unconscious sexual desire for their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. This stage is said to occur during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, typically between the ages of 3 and 6.

Question 4

In contrast with Freud,Erikson placed more emphasis on

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development focused on the impact of social and cultural influences on development. He believed that individuals go through eight stages of development, each characterized by a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved in order to move on to the next stage. These crises were influenced by the individual's relationships with others, cultural norms and values, and social experiences. Therefore, social and cultural influences were a central component of Erikson's theory.

Question 5

An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt refers to the period of early childhood when children become more assertive and actively seek out new experiences. A 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills demonstrates initiative and a willingness to try new things, but also a sense of responsibility and guilt when things don't go as planned. The other options do not directly relate to the stage of initiative versus guilt.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT part of the personality as proposed by Freud?

Accepted Answer

Libido is actually a term used to refer to the sexual drive or energy present within individuals, rather than being a part of the personality structure as proposed by Freud.

Question 7

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,the first stage of development,which occurs during infancy,is

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage of development, which occurs during infancy, is trust versus mistrust. During this stage, infants develop a sense of trust when their needs are met consistently by their caregivers. If their needs are not consistently met, they may develop a sense of mistrust towards the world.

Question 8

Which one of the following personality entities would be most similar to what is called "conscience"?

Accepted Answer

The Superego is the part of personality that represents the internalized moral standards and ideals of society, often referred to as the "conscience". The Id represents basic impulse and desires, the Ego is the mediator between the Id and external reality, and the Libido refers to the energy source behind all behavior, including sexual impulses. Therefore, the Superego is most similar to what we commonly call the "conscience".

Question 9

Freud's research stressed the importance of

Accepted Answer

Freud's research emphasized the impact of early relationships, such as those with parents, on later relationships and behavior. He developed theories about the influence of childhood experiences on adult personality and behavior, including the importance of unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 10

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the stage that a teenage girl would be facing is the identity versus identity confusion stage. This is the stage where individuals begin to form a sense of self and explore their values, beliefs, and goals. Teenage girls may be questioning their place in the world, their identity, and their roles in relationships, society, and their future. This is a critical stage in the development of self-esteem, self-concept, and identity formation.

Question 11

One of the criticisms of Freud's work is that he

Accepted Answer

One criticism of Freud's work is that he based his theories on patients and not the general population, leading to a limited sample size and potential biases in his conclusions.

Question 12

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a long-lasting change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment. The other options - modification and cognition - are related concepts but do not fully capture the definition of learning. Behaviorism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior, but it is not the same as learning.

Question 13

The stage of psychosexual development that occurs during middle childhood and is characterized by relative calm is called the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

The latency stage occurs during middle childhood between the ages of around 6-12 years old. During this stage, there is a relative calm in psychosexual development as children focus on developing social and cognitive skills, rather than sexual feelings and impulses. The other options, oral and anal, occur in earlier stages of development, while childhood is not a recognized stage of psychosexual development.

Question 14

Each of Erikson's stages involves a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time.Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.

Accepted Answer

Erikson referred to these issues as crises in personality.

Question 15

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle," realistically finding ways to obtain gratification,is the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the ego is the part of the personality that mediates between the unrealistic demands of the id and the constraints of the external world, operating on the reality principle to realistically find ways to obtain gratification. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification, while the superego operates on the morality principle, providing a sense of right and wrong. The conscience is a related concept, but it is not a part of the personality according to Freud; rather, it is a sense of guilt or remorse that results from violating moral or social norms.

Question 16

Pauline is in her fourth stage of development according to the developmental stage theory that Erikson put forth.Under normal conditions,if Pauline lives into old age,in how many stages will she ultimately participate?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's developmental stage theory consists of 8 stages that cover the entire lifespan from infancy to old age. Since Pauline is currently in her fourth stage, she will ultimately participate in all 8 stages if she lives into old age.

Question 17

Christa,a rather demonstrative 7-year-old,hits her brother for laughing at her and feels guilty about it afterward.According to Freud,Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of personality, the superego is the part of the psyche that contains the individual's moral standards and ideals, and it can produce guilty feelings when those standards are violated. Christa's guilt over hitting her brother would be seen as reflecting the operation of her superego.

Question 18

According to Erikson,the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that a balance between positive and negative traits is necessary for successful resolution of each stage of psychosocial development. This means that individuals must integrate both positive and negative aspects of themselves and their experiences in order to move forward in their development.

Question 19

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle," seeking the immediate gratification of desires,is the

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed that the human personality consists of three parts - the Id, ego, and superego. The Id operates on the pleasure principle, which means it craves immediate gratification of desires without considering the consequences or morality of the actions. This primitive and impulsive aspect of the personality is present from birth and is responsible for basic urges such as hunger, thirst, and sex. The Id does not operate according to reason or logic and seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Therefore, the best choice is A) Id.

Question 20

Unlike Freud's theory,Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of culture and society in shaping individual development and sees society as a positive force that provides support and opportunities for growth. This is in contrast to Freud's theory, which emphasized the conflict between biological instincts and societal norms.

Quiz 2: Theory and Research