Question 1

A simple main effect analysis examines:
A) the overall effect of one independent variable.
B) mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
C) the overall effect of the interaction.
D) relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Accepted Answer

A simple main effect analysis examines the mean differences at each level of the independent variable.

Question 2

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n)_____ design.
A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) mixed factorial
D) within-subjects

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a mixed factorial design because it involves both between-subjects variables (participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions) and within-subjects variables (each participant is measured under two different circumstances).

Question 3

A researcher had young or middle age participants watch a PG-13 or an R-rated film.After viewing the film,the participants rated the amount of violence in the films-the higher the assigned rating,the more violent the film.The mean results in the four conditions were: 
Which of the following statements is least likely to be true?
A) An interaction between age and type of movie exists.
B) A simple main effect of participant age exists when the movie is rated R.
C) An interaction between age and type of movie exist for PG-13 movies but not for R-rated movies.
D) A simple main effect of participant age does not exist when the movie is rated PG-13.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher had young or middle age...

Question 4

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high);illumination level (low or high);and time of testing (day or night).For a completely repeated measures design,how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?
A) 20
B) 150
C) 10
D) 100

Accepted Answer

In a completely repeated measures design, each participant experiences all conditions. Therefore, the number of participants needed is simply the total number of conditions (2 x 2 x 2 = 8) multiplied by the desired number of participants per condition (10), which equals 80. However, since each participant experiences all conditions, the total number of participants needed is just the number of conditions (8), which means the researcher would only need 8 participants for this design. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 5

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold);difficulty of material (easy,difficult);and the amount of material (low,moderate,high).
A) 2 × 2
B) 2 × 3
C) 2 × 2 × 3
D) 3 × 3

Accepted Answer

The study manipulates three independent variables - temperature (warm or cold), difficulty of material (easy or difficult), and amount of material (low, moderate or high). Therefore, a 2 × 2 × 3 design would be appropriate.

Question 6

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold,warm,or hot);noise level (quiet or loud);and room color (pink,blue,or black).Identify the possible number of main effects.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8

Accepted Answer

There are three independent variables in the experiment, each with multiple levels. Therefore, there can be up to three main effects - one for each independent variable.

Question 7

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female)and their appearance (attractive or unattractive)on judgments of criminal behavior.She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female.She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females.Mary has examined the:
A) main effect of appearance.
B) simple main effect of appearance.
C) main effect of gender.
D) simple main effect of gender.

Accepted Answer

Mary is examining the difference in judgments for unattractive males and females, as well as attractive males and females. This is an example of a simple main effect, where she is looking at the effect of appearance within each level of gender. This is different from the main effect of appearance (overall effect of appearance regardless of gender) and the main effect of gender (overall effect of gender regardless of appearance).

Question 8

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance.She randomly assigns participants to two groups.Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range.Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range.All participants do this procedure each day for five days.The dependent measure,the average flight distance of the ball,is calculated for each participant after each session.This is an example of a _____ design.
A) two-group pretest-posttest
B) 2 × 5 mixed factorial
C) 2 × 5 independent groups factorial
D) IV × PV factorial

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a 2 × 5 mixed factorial design because there are two groups (visualization and control) and five levels of measurement (each day's session), with the same participants measured across time, making it a mixed design.

Question 9

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students.A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:
A) male versus female viewers.
B) viewers of erotic versus non-erotic movies.
C) males versus females when the movie is erotic or non-erotic.
D) movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raymond has designed a study to examine...

Question 10

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers.A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste.The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola.A second group of participants follows the same procedure.However,they first taste Cola B and then Cola A.This is an example of a(n)_____ type of design.
A) 2 × 2 independent groups
B) 2 × 2 repeated measures
C) 2 × 2 mixed factorial
D) IV × PV

Accepted Answer

The answer of A marketing company wants to determine which...

Question 11

In a two-way analysis of variance,a researcher tests for the significance of:
A) three main effects.
B) one main effect and an interaction.
C) two interactions.
D) two main effects and an interaction.

Accepted Answer

A two-way analysis of variance involves testing for the significance of two main effects and their interaction. Therefore, the best choice would be D, which includes both main effects and an interaction, while options A, B, and C do not fully capture all components of a two-way ANOVA.

Question 12

A 4 × 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.
A) 4
B) 5
C) 9
D) 20

Accepted Answer

A 4 × 5 factorial design has 4 levels of one independent variable and 5 levels of another independent variable, resulting in a total of 20 conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 13

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual,auditory);difficulty level (easy,difficult);and amount of material (low,moderate,high).For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group,how many participants would the researcher need?
A) 80
B) 120
C) 70
D) 60

Accepted Answer

To calculate the total number of participants needed, we multiply the number of levels of each variable.

Method of presenting material has 2 levels (visual, auditory)
Difficulty level has 2 levels (easy, difficult)
Amount of material has 3 levels (low, moderate, high)

2 x 2 x 3 = 12 conditions

For each condition, we need 10 participants per group (completely independent groups design).

Total number of participants needed = 12 conditions x 10 participants per group = 120 participants.

Therefore, the best choice is B, 120.

Question 14

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools,which of the following statements is least correct?
A) There may be a simple main effect of gender.
B) There may be a simple main effect of the type of school.
C) There may be an effect of aggressive play.
D) There may be a Gender × type of school interaction.

Accepted Answer

The least correct statement is C because the study is designed to measure aggressive play as a dependent variable, not as an independent variable or an effect in itself. The focus is on how gender and type of school (independent variables) might influence aggressive play, not on aggressive play causing an effect.

Question 15

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal,over);age (young,middle,old);and gender (male,female).How many interactions are possible?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 18

Accepted Answer

There are 2 levels for weight, 3 levels for age, and 2 levels for gender. Thus, there are a total of 2 x 3 x 2 = 12 main effects. Additionally, there are 2-way interactions between weight and age, weight and gender, and age and gender, which gives us a total of 3 two-way interactions. Finally, there is a 3-way interaction between weight, age, and gender. Therefore, the total number of interactions is 12 + 3 + 1 = 16, which rounds up to the nearest multiple of 4, giving us a final answer of 4 possible interactions.

Question 16

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender,Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females.However,she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males.Based on the findings,Reba has examined the:
A) main effect of age.
B) main effect of gender.
C) simple main effect of age.
D) simple main effect of gender.

Accepted Answer

The answer of While analyzing the interaction between age and...

Question 17

A researcher employs an IV × PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating.She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam.The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university.After reading the account,the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment.The PV in this design would be the:
A) gender of the student accused of cheating.
B) university attended (private or public).
C) class level of the participants (freshmen).
D) punishment assigned.

Accepted Answer

The PV (personal variable) in this design is the university attended (private or public). This is because the researcher is interested in examining whether attitudes toward cheating vary between students from private and public universities. The IV (independent variable) is the gender of the student accused of cheating. The researcher is interested in examining whether the gender of the accused student has an effect on the punishment assigned. The class level of the participants (freshmen) is not a variable of interest in this study. The punishment assigned is the dependent variable, which is what the researcher is interested in measuring.

Question 18

With a(n)_____,the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.
A) main effect
B) interaction
C) analysis of variance
D) simple main effect

Accepted Answer

A simple main effect analysis allows for the examination of the effect of one independent variable at a specific level of another independent variable. It is useful in situations where there is an interaction between the two independent variables. The results are analyzed as if each level of the second independent variable represents a separate experiment.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?
A) It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions.
B) It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions.
C) It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design.
D) It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Accepted Answer

A mixed factorial design combines elements of both between-subjects and within-subjects designs, meaning some factors are varied between different groups of participants, while other factors are varied within the same group of participants across different conditions.

Question 20

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young,middle,old);gender (male,female);and the type of job applied for (blue collar,white collar).Identify the type of design this experiment represents.
A) 3 × 2
B) 3 × 2 × 3
C) 3 × 2 × 2
D) 2 × 2 × 2

Accepted Answer

The experiment involves three independent variables: age with 3 levels (young, middle, old), gender with 2 levels (male, female), and type of job with 2 levels (blue collar, white collar). Thus, it is a 3 (age) × 2 (gender) × 2 (job type) factorial design, making the correct answer 3 × 2 × 2.

Quiz 10: Complex Experimental Designs

A simple main effect analysis examines:

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold) ;difficulty of material (easy,difficult) ;and the amount of material (low,moderate,high) .

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold,warm,or hot) ;noise level (quiet or loud) ;and room color (pink,blue,or black) .Identify the possible number of main effects.

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students.A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

In a two-way analysis of variance,a researcher tests for the significance of:

A 4 × 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools,which of the following statements is least correct?

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal,over) ;age (young,middle,old) ;and gender (male,female) .How many interactions are possible?

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender,Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females.However,she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males.Based on the findings,Reba has examined the:

With a(n) _____,the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young,middle,old) ;gender (male,female) ;and the type of job applied for (blue collar,white collar) .Identify the type of design this experiment represents.