Direct Pollution Controls Are Usually Inefficient Because They

Direct pollution controls are usually inefficient because they

A) do not minimize the total cost of a given amount of abatement.
B) lead all firms to abate more pollution than the socially optimal amount.
C) lead all firms to abate less pollution than the socially optimal amount.
D) do not achieve the targeted amount of pollution abatement.
E) are controlling quantities of pollution abatement as opposed to prices.