Question 1

_____ stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is one that does not elicit the response of interest, and is often paired with another stimulus until it becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the desired response. Reflexive stimuli are those that automatically elicit a reflex response, while unconditioned stimuli are those that naturally elicit an unconditioned (i.e. innate) response. Normative stimuli are not a commonly used term in this context.

Question 2

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

Accepted Answer

Extinction in psychology refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response. In scenario A, Alexis's conditioned responses (hand shaking and heart pounding) to the stimulus (hearing a car pull into the drive, which used to be associated with her dealer) have disappeared because the stimulus no longer predicts the drug delivery. This is a classic example of extinction.

Question 3

_____ stimulus naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Conditioned stimuli are neutral stimuli that are paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned response, while neutral stimuli do not have any significant effect on behavior, and normative stimuli refer to societal norms and expectations.

Question 4

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning process involves three phases:

1. Acquisition: This is the initial learning stage in which an association between the neutral stimulus (NS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is formed.

2. Extinction: This is the process of weakening or elimination of the conditioned response (CR) when the NS is presented repeatedly without the US.

3. Spontaneous Recovery: This is the reappearance of the CR after a rest period, following the extinction phase.

The correct sequence of the phases of classical conditioning process is Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery. The only option that arranges the phases in this order is B.

Question 5

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between nature and nurture is similar to the relationship between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response in classical conditioning. Nature is the innate, unlearned aspect of an individual, while nurture refers to the influence of environment and experience in shaping an individual's development. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response (something innate and automatic) becomes associated with a conditioned response (something learned through experience) through repeated pairings with a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the best choice is D, with unconditioned response representing nature and conditioned response representing nurture.

Question 6

Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____.

Accepted Answer

Learning reflects nurture because it is the result of environmental experiences and teachings. Maturation reflects nature because it is the natural development and changes in an individual's physical and cognitive abilities due to biological factors.

Question 7

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)was _____;the neutral stimulus was _____;and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS)was _____.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was meat, which naturally elicited salivation in dogs. The neutral stimulus, which initially did not elicit salivation, was the bell. Through conditioning, the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS), eventually eliciting salivation on its own.

Question 8

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

The sight of the jar has become associated with the taste of dill pickles through repeated pairings, and now elicits a response (mouth watering) even without the actual presence of pickles. This is an example of classical conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus (the sight of the jar) becomes a conditioned stimulus through its association with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of dill pickles).

Question 9

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the only type of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to produce a response. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences for behavior, observational learning involves learning by watching others, and instrumental conditioning is another name for operant conditioning.

Question 10

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Accepted Answer

The definition given fits the concept of learning, which refers to a lasting modification in behavior due to experience. Growth and maturation imply normal biological development and are not necessarily related to experience. Cognition refers to mental processes such as thinking and problem-solving, which may be involved in learning but do not encompass it entirely.

Question 11

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below CORRECTLY identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus is the knock on the door, the CS is the knock on the door (which becomes associated with the expected arrival of the dealer), and the UCS is cocaine (which activates the sympathetic nervous system and causes physical symptoms like shaking and a pounding heart). Option A is incorrect because it identifies cocaine as the neutral stimulus, which is not accurate. Option B is incorrect because it identifies the pounding heart as the UCS, which is actually caused by the UCS (cocaine). Option D is incorrect because it identifies cocaine as both the neutral stimulus and the UCS, which is not accurate.

Question 12

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor;your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates habituation, as the cat becomes less interested in the felt mouse with repeated exposure to it. Adaptation refers to a process by which an organism becomes better suited to its environment over time, conditioning involves learning through association, and maturation refers to natural developmental changes over time.

Question 13

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Once this happens, the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response, which is the same as the original response to the unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and elicits the conditioned response.

Question 14

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus. This timing allows the organism to anticipate the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a stronger association between the two stimuli.

Question 15

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. This happens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), resulting in the weakening of the conditioned response (CR).

Question 16

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly. Extinction refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. Therefore, option B (Habituation;extinction) is the correct choice. Option A and C are incorrect because they mix up the two terms, and option D is incorrect because it refers to a different concept (adaptation).

Question 17

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology through his famous experiments with dogs and salivation. Thorndike and Skinner are associated with operant conditioning, while Watson is known for his work in behaviorism.

Question 18

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Question 19

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The sounds of firecrackers or car backfires have become associated with the traumatic experiences of war for Jonas and now elicit an automatic fear response, making them conditioned stimuli. They were not initially scary (like a neutral stimulus) and they are not biologically innate (like an unconditioned stimulus). "Normative" does not accurately describe the nature of the stimuli and is therefore not a correct choice.

Question 20

Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Accepted Answer

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, the unconditioned stimulus was a loud noise, which consistently elicited an unconditioned response of fear in the infant. The rat was initially a neutral stimulus, but through the process of classical conditioning, it became a conditioned stimulus that elicited fear in Little Albert. Therefore, choice A correctly identifies the unconditioned stimulus as the noise.

Quiz 5: Learning

_____ stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

_____ stimulus naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

Learning reflects _.Maturation reflects _.

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ___;the neutral stimulus was _;and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ___.

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n) _____.

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below CORRECTLY identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor;your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Quiz 5: Learning

_____ stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

_____ stimulus naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____.

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was _____;the neutral stimulus was _____;and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was _____.

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n) _____.

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below CORRECTLY identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor;your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

Learning reflects _.Maturation reflects _.

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ___;the neutral stimulus was _;and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ___.

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.