Question 1

Brides-to-be who plan their weddings down to the last detail are exhibiting the human capacity to be

Accepted Answer

Planning a wedding involves imagining and envisioning future events, and making decisions based on how those events may unfold. This requires the use of cognitive time travel, or the ability to mentally project oneself into the future and think about different scenarios.

Question 2

_____ schedules of reinforcement produce slow, steady response rates with a tremendous resistance to extinction.

Accepted Answer

Variable interval schedules produce slow, steady response rates and are highly resistant to extinction because the reinforcement is unpredictable and based on varying time intervals.

Question 3

Because you can think about past events and even imagine events in your future, you, like all humans, are

Accepted Answer

The ability to think about past events and imagine events in the future implies the capacity for mental time travel, which is best described by the term "cognitive time traveler". Options A and B do not fully encompass this concept, and option D is not directly related to the ability to mentally time travel.

Question 4

When you dial a phone number and get a busy signal, the reward of "getting through" is on a _____ schedule because you may have to wait 30 seconds or 30 minutes.(If you are like most people, you will doggedly dial over and over again until you get a connection.)

Accepted Answer

The reward of getting through is based on a variable interval schedule because there is an unpredictable amount of time between attempts to call and actually getting through. Sometimes it may take only a few tries to connect, while other times it may take many attempts over a longer period of time.

Question 5

Catching fish is on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Catching fish is on which schedule of...

Question 6

Stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to determine when and where the response is made.This is the principle of

Accepted Answer

The principle described in the question is known as stimulus control. When stimuli are present during the acquisition of an operant response, they tend to control when and where the response is made. This is a fundamental principle of operant conditioning. The other options, partial reinforcement effect, latent learning, and the law of effect, do not directly relate to this principle.

Question 7

A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The dog is only being rewarded for the first bark that occurs after a set amount of time (in this case, ten minutes), which is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. A continuous schedule of reinforcement would mean the dog is rewarded for every single bark, which is not the case here. Variable interval and fixed ratio schedules are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 8

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response.(Responses made during this time period are not reinforced.)

Accepted Answer

In a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. This schedule is often used to promote consistent behavior because the individual cannot predict exactly when the reinforcement will come, so they are more likely to engage in the desired behavior regularly.

Question 9

Watching the night sky and seeing "a shooting star" is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Seeing a shooting star is reinforced on a variable interval schedule because it occurs at unpredictable time intervals.

Question 10

Research that supports the notion that animals, such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays, are sensitive to the passage of time includes

Accepted Answer

All of the options provided support the notion that animals are able to perceive the passage of time. Pigeons and rats on fixed interval schedules demonstrate that they learn to anticipate when reinforcement is available after a certain amount of time has passed. Pigeons that peck at different keys based on time demonstrate that they can discriminate between different lengths of time. Scrub jays' choice of hoarded food based on its looming expiration supports the idea that animals are able to track the amount of time that has passed.

Question 11

In a _____ schedule, the first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced.(Responses made during this time period are not reinforced.)

Accepted Answer

Fixed interval schedules provide reinforcement for the first correct response made after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. Other responses made during that time period are not reinforced.

Question 12

Jason's parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes.After 20 more minutes of study, he receives another play break and so on.Jason is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The reinforcement is being delivered after a fixed interval of time (20 minutes) in this scenario. It is not a continuous reinforcement schedule because the reinforcement is not given for every response, but rather for the passage of a fixed amount of time. It is also not a variable interval schedule because the interval of time between reinforcements is always the same (20 minutes). Finally, it is not a fixed ratio schedule because the reinforcement is not contingent upon the number of responses, but rather the passage of time.

Question 13

Studies of animals, such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays, show that animals

Accepted Answer

Studies of animals such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays demonstrate that animals are sensitive to the passage of time. For example, pigeons can be trained to discriminate between different time intervals, rats can learn to differentiate between short and long intervals, and scrub jays can remember the timing of events such as the hiding of food. These findings suggest that animals have a sense of time and are capable of temporal cognition.

Question 14

Your tendency to study more before a scheduled test, to study less right after that test, and then start another studying frenzy right before the next test illustrates the typical pattern of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

This is because the pattern of studying is based on a fixed interval (the time between tests) and the reinforcement (the act of taking the test and receiving a grade) only occurs at specific intervals. The studying behavior decreases right after the test because there is no immediate need for it, but then increases again as the next test approaches and the interval becomes fixed once more.

Question 15

After scrub jays have been allowed to store worms and nuts in different locations, the scrub jays released after four hours fly to the worms, but do not fly to the worms if they are released five days later.This illustrates that the scrub jays

Accepted Answer

Scrub jays demonstrate sensitivity to time, cognitive time travel by recalling past events, and understanding that worms decay over time, thus all options are correct.

Question 16

Children who are working quietly on their homework when the hourly bell rings will be allowed to go to the play area for 10 minutes.Just before the bell is about to ring, the children become so quiet that you could hear "a pin drop" in the classroom.These children's quiet behavior occurred right before the bell because they are on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the reinforcement (going to the play area) is given after a fixed interval of time (one hour) indicates that the children are on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. The quiet behavior just before the bell can be attributed to the anticipation of the upcoming reinforcement, which tends to increase behavior as the interval approaches.

Question 17

Getting paid every two weeks at your job comes closest to which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Getting paid every two weeks is an example of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement, where the reinforcement (getting paid) occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed (two weeks).

Question 18

A teacher tells her first graders that whenever the bell on her clock rings, the students who are in their seats will each receive one token to put in their "happy jars." She then says, "No one knows when the clock will ring.It might be ten minutes, it might be 17 minutes, or only five minutes; so you better be in your seat." The teacher is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement for "in-seat" behavior.

Accepted Answer

The teacher is using a variable interval schedule because the reinforcement (tokens) is given after an unpredictable amount of time, which encourages students to remain in their seats continuously.

Question 19

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to produce moderate response rates in which responding is low following reinforcement, but rapidly increases as the time for the next reinforcer approaches?

Accepted Answer

Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement tend to produce moderate response rates in which responding is low following reinforcement, but rapidly increases as the time for the next reinforcer approaches. This is due to the fact that reinforcement is only delivered after a set amount of time has passed, which results in a "scalloped" pattern of responding. When the interval is first initiated, there is a low rate of responding because it is unlikely that the behavior will be reinforced immediately. However, as the time for the next reinforcer approaches, the animal or person will increase their responding in order to obtain the reinforcer.

Question 20

Pigeons and rats who are reinforced on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they receive a reinforcer and do not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement.This illustrates that animals

Accepted Answer

Animals on fixed interval schedules learn to anticipate the timing of the next reinforcement, demonstrating an understanding of time intervals, which is a form of cognitive time travel.

Quiz 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning