Question 1

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story, the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of _____, while the boys used _____.
A)justice; caring
B)caring; justice
C)logistics; common sense
D)autonomy; logical reasoning

Accepted Answer

The girls used an ethic of caring, which emphasizes the importance of maintaining relationships and considering the well-being of all individuals involved in a situation. The boys, on the other hand, used an ethic of justice, which emphasizes fairness, rights, and rules. This is reflected in their consideration of the rules governing the behavior of the porcupine and the moles, rather than their concerns for the well-being of the animals.

Question 2

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at what stage of moral development?
A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)nonconformist

Accepted Answer

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at a conventional stage of moral development, where individuals are focused on upholding societal norms and conforming to authority.

Question 3

In which level of moral development is moral reasoning directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal?
A)preoperational level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Accepted Answer

Postconventional level of moral development is characterized by moral reasoning that is directed by self-chosen ethical principles that are general, comprehensive, or universal. This level goes beyond social norms and laws and reflects a person's own moral compass.

Question 4

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the morality of individual principles orientation?
A)People would think he was dishonest.
B)The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C)His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug, he may get caught.
D)He should steal the drug but admit to it.

Accepted Answer

A person who follows the morality of individual principles orientation would prioritize their own moral principles over external factors such as laws or societal expectations. In this case, stealing the drug to save his wife's life would align with the individual's own moral principles of protecting their loved ones, and admitting to the theft would align with their principles of honesty and accountability. Therefore, choice D is the best demonstration of individual principles orientation.

Question 5

Regarding Kohlberg's moral development levels, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)The rate of advancement through Kohlberg's moral development levels is relatively constant for different individuals.
B)Almost everyone reaches the final stage of the postconventional level.
C)Young children and delinquents most frequently show moral reasoning at the preconventional level.
D)Nearly all adults are relegated to the preconventional level.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, young children and delinquents most frequently show moral reasoning at the preconventional level, which is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards. The rate of advancement through the stages can vary widely among individuals, and not everyone reaches the final stage of the postconventional level, which involves principles of social justice and universal ethics. While some adults may remain at the preconventional level, many others progress to higher levels of moral development. Therefore, statements A, B, and D are all incorrect.

Question 6

In the _____ level of moral development, reasoning is based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted authority, rules, and values.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)unconventional
D)postconventional

Accepted Answer

The conventional level of moral development is characterized by conformity to social norms and values, and a desire to please others or follow legitimate authority. This level is typically seen in adolescents and adults who have internalized the values and beliefs of their society or culture.

Question 7

Using a story such as "The Porcupine and the Moles," Gilligan was able to demonstrate that
A)Kohlberg's moral classification system is concerned mainly with the ethics of justice.
B)boys tend to use ethics involving care and responsibility to solve the problem in the story.
C)girls tend to choose a solution based on justice to solve the problem in the story.
D)all of these were true.

Accepted Answer

While the story of "Porcupine and the Moles" was used by Gilligan in her work, it focused on the ethics of care rather than justice. However, she did criticize Kohlberg's moral classification system for its emphasis on justice, suggesting that it neglected the ethics of care. Thus, choice A is the most accurate answer.

Question 8

The preconventional level of moral development is most characteristic of
A)adults.
B)adolescents.
C)young children and delinquents.
D)young adults.

Accepted Answer

The preconventional level of moral development is characterized by a focus on self-interest and personal pleasure. It is typically seen in young children (ages 4-10) and in some delinquent or criminal individuals who never progressed beyond this level. Adolescents and young adults typically move beyond this level to the higher levels of conventional and postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 9

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the preconventional level?
A)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
B)The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C)People would think he was dishonest.
D)He should steal the drug but admit to it.

Accepted Answer

The preconventional level of moral development is characterized by a focus on external rewards and punishments. In this case, the person is considering the consequences of stealing the drug, such as going to jail. This is a preconventional response because it is based on external factors rather than internal moral principles.

Question 10

Kohlberg estimates that _____ percent of the population reach the stage of postconventional morality.
A)20
B)30
C)50
D)75

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, only around 20% of the population reaches the stage of postconventional morality. These individuals are able to recognize and reflect on abstract ethical principles beyond societal norms and values. The majority of people tend to operate within the conventional level of morality, where they conform to social expectations and rules.

Question 11

Conventional, group-oriented morals are typical of
A)delinquents.
B)young children.
C)older children and most adults.
D)only 20 percent of the adult population.

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, conventional, group-oriented morals are typical of older children and most adults.

Question 12

Jorge does not cheat on tests or copy other students' work because he does not want to be suspended from school and receive a zero on his test or other schoolwork.If Jorge uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Jorge is at the _____ of moral development.
A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)postformal level

Accepted Answer

Jorge's reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and seeking personal gain, which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral development.

Question 13

_____ pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice and that women when faced with real-life dilemmas tend to use an ethic of caring.
A)Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
B)Margaret Washburn
C)Anna Freud
D)Carol Gilligan

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's system for being biased towards individualistic and justice-focused moral reasoning and argued that women often prioritize relationships and empathy in their ethical decision-making. She proposed an ethic of caring as an alternative framework for understanding moral development in females.

Question 14

A human resources employee at a large corporation is told by his supervisor to hire the supervisor's unqualified relative for a job.Even though he may get fired, this human resources employee chooses instead to hire a qualified applicant because he believes this is the "right thing" to do based on his own ethical standards.Which level of moral reasoning guided this employee's decision?
A)postformal level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Accepted Answer

The employee's decision to prioritize their own ethical standards over the directive of their supervisor indicates a postconventional level of moral reasoning. This means that the employee is able to independently evaluate and make ethical decisions based on their own moral code, rather than simply following rules or obeying authority figures (conventional level) or making decisions based on personal gain or avoiding punishment (preconventional level). The postformal level refers to even higher levels of abstract reasoning beyond moral development.

Question 15

Although Scott does not like to do lawn work, he cares for his lawn because "what would people think if he let his yard grow up." When using this line of reasoning, Scott is exhibiting which level of moral development?
A)preoperational level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Accepted Answer

Scott's reasoning is based on societal norms and expectations, indicating that he is in the conventional level of moral development. He is concerned about how others perceive him and follows social norms to maintain his reputation.

Question 16

A nurse comes upon an accident.No one else is around but there is a store nearby.She takes a rock and breaks the window to obtain a phone and supplies to help the victim.When the police arrive, she tells them what she did.Which level of moral development is the nurse exhibiting?
A)postconventional level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postformal level

Accepted Answer

The nurse is exhibiting postconventional level of moral development as she has broken the law (breaking the store window) to help someone in need, which shows a sense of justice and morality beyond strict adherence to laws and rules.

Question 17

In which level of moral development is moral thinking guided by the consequences of actions, such as punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors?
A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)relational exchange

Accepted Answer

In the preconventional level of moral development, moral thinking is guided by external factors such as punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors. This level is characterized by a focus on self-interest and a lack of consideration for the needs or feelings of others.

Question 18

Patti does not speed on the highway because she is afraid of getting another ticket and losing her license and her insurance.If Patti uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Patti is at the _____ of moral development.
A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)postformal level

Accepted Answer

Patti's reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and personal consequences, which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral development.

Question 19

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the conventional level?
A)People would think he was dishonest and a "thief."
B)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C)His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug he may get caught and go to jail.
D)He should steal the drug and admit to it.

Accepted Answer

The conventional level is characterized by a focus on societal norms and the opinions of others. In this example, the response that reflects this level of moral reasoning is A, which considers how the community would perceive the druggist's actions. Choices B and C demonstrate the pre-conventional level, where the emphasis is on avoiding punishment or seeking personal gain. Choice D reflects the post-conventional level, where a person uses abstract ethical principles to make decisions.

Question 20

Which of the following responses to the "druggist dilemma" would demonstrate moral reasoning at the conventional level?
A)Although his wife needs the drug, the law says that stealing is wrong.
B)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C)He cannot steal the drug because he might get caught and go to jail.
D)He should steal the drug to save his wife and then go "turn himself in" to the law.

Accepted Answer

At the conventional level of moral reasoning, individuals abide by societal rules and laws. Option A reflects this by emphasizing adherence to the law despite personal circumstances.

Quiz 3: Extension C: Human Development

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story, the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of _, while the boys used _.

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at what stage of moral development?

In which level of moral development is moral reasoning directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal?

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the morality of individual principles orientation?

Regarding Kohlberg's moral development levels, which of the following statements is TRUE?

In the _____ level of moral development, reasoning is based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted authority, rules, and values.

Using a story such as "The Porcupine and the Moles," Gilligan was able to demonstrate that

The preconventional level of moral development is most characteristic of

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the preconventional level?

Kohlberg estimates that _____ percent of the population reach the stage of postconventional morality.

Conventional, group-oriented morals are typical of

Jorge does not cheat on tests or copy other students' work because he does not want to be suspended from school and receive a zero on his test or other schoolwork.If Jorge uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Jorge is at the _____ of moral development.

_____ pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice and that women when faced with real-life dilemmas tend to use an ethic of caring.

Although Scott does not like to do lawn work, he cares for his lawn because "what would people think if he let his yard grow up." When using this line of reasoning, Scott is exhibiting which level of moral development?

A nurse comes upon an accident.No one else is around but there is a store nearby.She takes a rock and breaks the window to obtain a phone and supplies to help the victim.When the police arrive, she tells them what she did.Which level of moral development is the nurse exhibiting?

In which level of moral development is moral thinking guided by the consequences of actions, such as punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors?

Patti does not speed on the highway because she is afraid of getting another ticket and losing her license and her insurance.If Patti uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Patti is at the _____ of moral development.

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the conventional level?

Which of the following responses to the "druggist dilemma" would demonstrate moral reasoning at the conventional level?