Economists Fryer and Loury Argued That Affirmative Action

Economists Fryer and Loury argued that affirmative action

A) necessarily undermines minorities' incentive to invest in their own education.
B) is necessary because social networks ("who you know") are so important in hiring practices.
C) is the reason so many white males are passed over for promotion in favor of minorities.
D) "color-blind" proxies for race easily achieve diversity without reference to race itself.