Question 1

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Tony's decision to share his toys is motivated by avoiding punishment, which is consistent with the preconventional level of moral development, where individuals make decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Question 2

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior refers to actions that are intended to benefit others, such as donating to charity or helping someone in need. Behavioral casp and egocentric behavior do not reflect actions intended to benefit others, and ethical behavior refers to actions that are in accordance with moral principles and values, but they may not necessarily be intended to benefit others directly.

Question 3

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on punishments or rewards. This means that they make decisions based on avoiding punishment or seeking a reward, rather than on the basis of ethical principles or a sense of duty.

Question 4

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

Accepted Answer

Recent research has found that empathic parenting, where parents encourage their children to understand and consider the feelings of others, is related to more prosocial behavior in children. Children can learn to be altruistic and kind, contradicting the notion that they are inherently selfish or do not engage in prosocial behavior. Parenting style plays an important role in fostering the development of empathy and prosocial behavior in children.

Question 5

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory divides moral development into three levels; preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the postconventional level, individuals move beyond a focus on upholding societal rules and norms and instead prioritize ethical principles and universal human rights. They recognize that moral decision-making involves weighing conflicting values and perspectives, and they develop a personal moral code that reflects these considerations. Thus, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options and develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the postconventional level of moral development.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?

Accepted Answer

Moral reasoning at the conventional level is focused on social norms and expectations. Option C reflects this level of moral reasoning as it acknowledges the illegal act but places importance on the societal expectation of saving a life. The other options (A, B, and D) reflect moral reasoning at a lower level (pre-conventional) as they are based on personal gain or avoiding punishment.

Question 7

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The gender similarities hypothesis states that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different. This is in contrast to the traditional emphasis on differences between genders in psychology. The John/Joan case is not directly related to this hypothesis, and the other options are not accurate descriptions.

Question 8

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

Accepted Answer

Kubler-Ross proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

Question 9

Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?

Accepted Answer

The final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development is integrity vs. despair, which occurs in late adulthood. In this stage, individuals reflect on their lives and either feel a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment (integrity) or regret and disappointment (despair). Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 10

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development.In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail.Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Sam's reasoning is based on avoiding punishment, which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral development according to Kohlberg's theory.

Question 11

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

Accepted Answer

A gender schema is a mental framework that individuals use to process and organize gender-related information. It includes beliefs and expectations about the characteristics, behaviors, and roles that are appropriate for males and females in a particular culture.

Question 12

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale.While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others.After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay.As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts.According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals in the conventional level of moral reasoning abide by societal norms and expectations, and conform to the rules in order to maintain social order. By returning the extra t-shirts, Katie is exhibiting obedience to the societal expectation of being honest and returning things that do not belong to her.

Question 13

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, at the postconventional level

Accepted Answer

At the postconventional level, individuals develop a personal moral code that goes beyond societal expectations and laws. They base their moral reasoning on abstract principles such as justice, equality, and human dignity. This level is characterized by a higher level of morality based on personal values rather than external factors such as rewards and punishments or the opinions of others. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of Carol Gilligan's care perspective?

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's care perspective emphasizes the importance of relationships and connectedness with others in moral reasoning, as opposed to the traditional justice perspective which focuses on individual rights and rules. Therefore, option D is the correct statement. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of the care perspective.

Question 15

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club.The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him.According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.

Accepted Answer

The child in this scenario is acting based on a desire for social acceptance and conformity to the expectations of their peers, which is consistent with the conventional level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory. At this level, people prioritize social norms and rules over individual needs or desires, but they do not yet have a fully developed sense of universal ethical principles.

Question 16

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning.When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry.When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level.Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory focuses on a justice perspective, which emphasizes rights and rules, whereas Gilligan's theory is a care perspective, which is more focused on interpersonal relationships and the needs of others. This difference in perspective can explain why Carol scored lower than Larry on Kohlberg's measures but the same on Gilligan's approach, as Carol may have a stronger care orientation than Larry. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 17

In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?

Accepted Answer

Low levels of androgens allow for the normal development of female sex organs, while high levels of testosterone lead to the development of male sex organs. The presence or absence of teratogens may affect the development of the embryo, but it is not directly related to sex organ development.

Question 18

Berta is a fashion designer, who is not happy both at work and home.She is unable to create new designs for her clients.She has also filed for a divorce.According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following features of emerging adulthood is described by this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The feature of emerging adulthood described in this scenario is instability, as Berta is experiencing instability both in her career and personal life.

Question 19

Annie, a 20-year-old, is in Erikson's stage of intimacy vs.isolation.Which of the following statements is true of Annie at this particular stage?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation occurs during young adulthood and involves the individual's ability to form close and meaningful relationships with others. Annie, being a 20-year-old, is in this stage, and therefore, she will either form these relationships or become socially isolated from others. The other options (A, B, and C) refer to Erikson's earlier stages of psychosocial development and are not applicable to Annie at this stage.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?

Accepted Answer

The socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that as people age, they become more aware of their limited time and prioritize emotionally meaningful goals, such as satisfying relationships and enjoyable activities in the present. This focus on the present allows older adults to experience a sense of purpose and meaning in life. The theory does not suggest that younger adults are selective in their social interactions or preoccupied with the future, as stated in options A and B respectively.

Quiz 8: Human Development