Question 1

Who would most likely argue that the consequences that follow a behavior determine whether that behavior is exhibited again?
A) a Skinnerian
B) a humanist
C) an ethologist
D) a Freudian

Accepted Answer

Skinnerians believe in the concept of operant conditioning, where the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of it being repeated. Positive consequences increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while negative consequences decrease the likelihood.

Question 2

__________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.
A) Jean Piaget
B) John Watson
C) Karen Horney
D) John Bowlby

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span. He developed the theory of attachment, which states that infants have an innate need to form an emotional bond with a primary caregiver for survival and that the quality of this attachment can influence their social and emotional development later in life.

Question 3

Behavioral and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in development,and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes,but these approaches have little to say about _______________ processes.
A) friendship
B) biological
C) educational
D) modeling

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories primarily focus on observable behaviors and cognitive processes, rather than biological processes such as genetics and neurobiology.

Question 4

The setting in which an individual lives is called the
A) macrosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) chronosystem.

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts, such as home, school, or workplace.

Question 5

Which term does not belong with the rest?
A) conditioning
B) modeling
C) imitation
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is a form of learning that involves forming associations between stimuli and responses, distinct from modeling, imitation, and observational learning, which all involve learning by observing others.

Question 6

Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?
A) the imprinting process
B) the nature of social relationships
C) the biological basis
D) both the imprinting process and the biological process

Accepted Answer

Classical ethological theory does address the imprinting process and the biological basis of behavior, but it largely focuses on the study of innate behavior patterns in individual animals. It does not cover the nature of social relationships, which is a major topic in modern ethology.

Question 7

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to
A) adoptive mothers.
B) himself.
C) each other.
D) surrogate mothers.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to himself.

Question 8

_____________________ is the rapid,innate learning within a limited critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
A) Evolution
B) Classical conditioning
C) Imprinting
D) Cultural matching

Accepted Answer

Imprinting is a rapid, innate learning process that occurs within a limited critical period of time, typically soon after birth or hatching. It involves attaching, following, and learning from the first moving object or organism seen, typically the mother or other caregiver. Imprinting is important for social development and the formation of strong bonds, and is observed in many species, including birds, mammals, and even humans to some extent. Evolution (A) refers to the gradual changes and adaptations of species over time in response to environmental pressures. Classical conditioning (B) is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a natural or instinctive response, leading to a conditioned response. Cultural matching (D) refers to the process of adapting social behaviors and customs to fit with the norms and expectations of one's cultural group.

Question 9

Which of the following factors is not key to the social cognitive theory?
A) behavior
B) environment
C) classical conditioning
D) cognition

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is not a key factor in the social cognitive theory. The social cognitive theory primarily focuses on the interaction between behavior, environment, and cognition, with an emphasis on observational learning and modeling.

Question 10

Through his research with a little boy named Albert,which of the following did John Watson demonstrate could be classically conditioned in humans?
A) phobias
B) Oedipus complex
C) mathematical skills
D) salivation in response to a ringing bell

Accepted Answer

John Watson demonstrated that phobias could be classically conditioned in humans through his research with little Albert.

Question 11

A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.
A) imprinting
B) ecological
C) ethological
D) immersion

Accepted Answer

The ethological theory places a strong emphasis on the role of biology and evolution in shaping development. Ethologists study animal behavior, particularly in natural environments, and use this research to understand the innate mechanisms that drive behavior in humans and other animals. This perspective highlights the importance of genetic and environmental factors in shaping development, and has contributed to our understanding of how early experiences can influence later behavior and development.

Question 12

As a Skinnerian,Dr.Brown's explanation for the aggressive behavior exhibited by 10-year-old Ben would likely involve a(n)
A) discussion of Ben's unresolved love for his mother.
B) proposal that Ben's problem is due to a faulty thought pattern.
C) argument that although Ben's behavior is bad,human behavior is basically good.
D) description of how Ben's father has often rewarded his child's aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

As a Skinnerian, Dr. Brown would explain Ben's aggressive behavior by referring to the consequences or reinforcements of the behavior. Specifically, Dr. Brown would likely argue that Ben's father has rewarded his aggressive behavior in some way, which has strengthened or maintained the behavior. This is consistent with Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of reinforcements and punishments in shaping behavior.

Question 13

In operant conditioning,a reinforcement _____________ increases the probability of a behavior occurring.
A) always
B) never
C) seldom
D) sometimes

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement by definition increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Therefore, reinforcement always increases the probability of a behavior occurring.

Question 14

The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is
A) John Bowlby.
B) Konrad Lorenz.
C) Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D) John Piaget.

Accepted Answer

Urie Bronfenbrenner is the major theorist connected to the ecological theory, which focuses on the multiple levels of environmental influence on development. John Bowlby is known for his work on attachment theory, Konrad Lorenz for his work on imprinting in animals, and Jean Piaget for his cognitive development theory.

Question 15

One criticism of the ethological theory is that
A) the concept of the critical period is overdrawn.
B) the concept of the critical period is underplayed.
C) the critical period emphasizes the early years,as it should.
D) there is an overemphasis on human relationships.

Accepted Answer

Some critics argue that the concept of the critical period - a specific time period during which certain behaviors must be learned in order for development to be optimal - is overemphasized and may not apply universally to all species or individuals.

Question 16

The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.
A) ecological
B) ethological
C) biological
D) critical-period

Accepted Answer

The ecological theory emphasizes the environmental factors that influence development, such as cultural and social contexts, and the physical surroundings. Ethological theory focuses on innate or biologically determined behavior patterns, while biological theory emphasizes the role of genetics and biology in development. Critical-period theory suggests that certain experiences must occur during a specific window of time in order for proper development to occur.

Question 17

The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes
A) monkeys in the jungles of Africa.
B) infant-parent attachment.
C) ducklings as they develop on farms.
D) rats in a well-controlled research lab.

Accepted Answer

Ethology focuses on the study of animal behavior in natural environments, thus observing rats in a well-controlled research lab is less aligned with ethological methods compared to field observations of animals in their natural habitats or naturalistic behaviors.

Question 18

Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a
A) megasystem.
B) microsystem.
C) exosystem.
D) chronosystem.

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes the microsystem, exosystem, and chronosystem, but does not include a "megasystem."

Question 19

Bandura argues that a child's
A) environment can influence her behavior.
B) behavior can influence her cognitive abilities.
C) cognitive ability can influence her environment.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states that a child's behavior, environment, and cognitive abilities can all influence each other in a continuous cycle. Therefore, all of the choices are correct.

Question 20

A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to
A) believe in the theory of evolution.
B) utilize the concept of a critical period.
C) view behavior as being influenced by biology.
D) focus on the impact of punishment on behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation...

Quiz 1: Introduction

Who would most likely argue that the consequences that follow a behavior determine whether that behavior is exhibited again?

__________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.

Behavioral and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in development,and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes,but these approaches have little to say about _______________ processes.

The setting in which an individual lives is called the

Which term does not belong with the rest?

Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to

_____________________ is the rapid,innate learning within a limited critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.

Which of the following factors is not key to the social cognitive theory?

Through his research with a little boy named Albert,which of the following did John Watson demonstrate could be classically conditioned in humans?

A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.

As a Skinnerian,Dr.Brown's explanation for the aggressive behavior exhibited by 10-year-old Ben would likely involve a(n)

In operant conditioning,a reinforcement _____________ increases the probability of a behavior occurring.

The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is

One criticism of the ethological theory is that

The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.

The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes

Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a

Bandura argues that a child's

A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to