Question 1

Halo effect occurs when:
A) we give more emotional support through non-verbal cues to the target person.
B) we provide more frequent and valuable feedback to the target person.
C) we assign more challenging goals to the target person.
D) we evaluate specific features of the target person based on a general impression of that person.
E) we do all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Halo effect occurs when we evaluate specific features of the target person based on a general impression of that person. It happens when our overall positive or negative perception of a person affects our judgment of their specific traits, abilities, or behaviors. The other options (A, B, C, and E) do not refer to the halo effect, but to other types of biases or behaviors.

Question 2

A perceptual error in which we tend to believe that other people hold the same beliefs and attitudes that we do refers to:
A) self-serving bias.
B) recency effect.
C) projection bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) personal identity.

Accepted Answer

This perceptual error is known as the projection bias, where individuals project their own beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions onto others. It is the tendency to assume that other people share similar opinions, values, and beliefs that we have. This bias can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications in interpersonal interactions.

Question 3

Brad habitually shows up late for work.Whenever colleagues warn that he could get fired for being late so often,Brad replies that 'everyone does it'.Which perceptual error does Brad seem to be experiencing?
A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Projection bias
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Halo effect
E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Brad is experiencing projection bias by assuming that others are also habitually late like him.

Question 4

In the Johari Window,the open area gets smaller when we:
A) provide disclosure.
B) receive feedback from others.
C) decrease the hidden area.
D) do all of the above.
E) None of the above decreases the open area.

Accepted Answer

The Johari Window model suggests that the open area can be expanded through self-disclosure and feedback from others, which actually decreases the hidden and unknown areas, not the open area.

Question 5

Which of the following is/are acquired mainly through observation and experience?
A) Tacit knowledge
B) Aptitudes
C) Explicit knowledge
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to articulate or transfer through written or verbal communication. It is often acquired through observation and experience, as opposed to explicit instruction. Aptitudes may have some element of observation and experience, but they are primarily innate talents or abilities. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, is typically learned through formal instruction or written communication.

Question 6

In the Johari Window,feedback from others helps us to:
A) increase our open area by reducing our blind area.
B) increase our unknown area by reducing our hidden area.
C) decrease our open area by increasing our amount of disclosure.
D) increase our open area by reducing our closed area.
E) increase our open area by reducing our hidden area.

Accepted Answer

Feedback from others can provide insights into aspects of ourselves that we may not be aware of, reducing our blind area and increasing our open area. This is the primary purpose of the Johari Window - to increase self-awareness through feedback and reflection.

Question 7

The objective of the Johari Window is to:
A) improve our awareness of ourselves.
B) help others to understand the reasons behind our actions.
C) improve our perceptual process.
D) do all of the above.
E) do 'A' and 'C' only.

Accepted Answer

The Johari Window aims to improve our awareness of ourselves (A), help others understand the reasons behind our actions (B), and improve our perceptual process (C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it encompasses all of the above.

Question 8

The A-B-C model of behavior modification helps us to:
A) teach language skills to employees more effectively.
B) determine which contingency of reinforcement is best in a particular situation.
C) understand how experiential learning differs from social learning.
D) determine which schedule of reinforcement is best in a particular situation.
E) understand how environmental conditions influence learning and behavior.

Accepted Answer

The A-B-C model of behavior modification refers to Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence. It helps in understanding how environmental conditions influence learning and behavior. The antecedent refers to the events or stimuli that occur before the behavior, behavior is the action or response, and consequence refers to the events or stimuli that follow the behavior. By analyzing the A-B-C sequence, we can identify the environmental factors that trigger and maintain behaviors. Therefore, the best choice is E: understand how environmental conditions influence learning and behavior.

Question 9

Which of these statements about behavior modification is FALSE?
A) Behavior modification programs are most effectively implemented where work behavior is observable.
B) Behavior modification considers the contingencies and schedules of reinforcement.
C) The reinforcer used in some behavior modification programs tends to lose its effectiveness over time.
D) Behavior modification theory argues that employee beliefs and attitudes cause behavior.
E) A-B-C analysis considers what happens before and after the behavior.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification theory does not argue that employee beliefs and attitudes cause behavior; rather it focuses on the external reinforcement and consequences that shape and maintain behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following is a perspective of learning emphasizing the environment rather than human thought as the source of all learning?
A) Social learning theory.
B) Experiential learning.
C) Action learning.
D) Behavior modification.
E) None of the above.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is a perspective of learning that emphasizes the environment as the primary source of all learning, rather than human thought or cognition. It focuses on reinforcing desirable behaviors and eliminating undesirable ones through the application of positive or negative consequences in the environment. Social learning theory, experiential learning, and action learning all acknowledge the importance of both environmental and cognitive factors in learning.

Question 11

Tacit knowledge is LEAST likely to be acquired from which of the following?
A) Watching a video of someone performing the task correctly.
B) Practising the task several times with the correct equipment or facilities.
C) Listening to an expert describe how to perform the task correctly.
D) Working with someone who knows how to perform the task correctly.
E) Working on similar, but not identical, equipment or facilities in another location.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tacit knowledge is LEAST likely to be...

Question 12

Learning influences which of these elements of the MARS model of individual behavior?
A) Motivation
B) Role perceptions
C) Ability
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Learning can influence all three elements of the MARS model of individual behavior. Learning can increase motivation by increasing an individual's interest or confidence in a task. Learning can also affect role perceptions by providing individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform their role effectively. Finally, learning can improve ability by enhancing an individual's knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Question 13

Behavior modification,behavioral modelling and experience are mainly identified as:
A) different elements in the MARS model of individual behavior and performance.
B) different types of perceptions.
C) different perspectives of learning.
D) different schedules of reinforcement.
E) different types of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification, behavioral modeling, and experience are different perspectives of learning. Behavior modification is the use of reinforcement or punishment to modify behavior, behavioral modeling involves observing and imitating the behavior of others, and experience refers to the knowledge gained through personal encounters or exposure. These three perspectives all contribute to an individual's learning and behavior.

Question 14

In the Johari Window,the _______ area includes information about you that is known both to you and others.
A) mid-level
B) hidden
C) unknown
D) blind
E) open

Accepted Answer

The open area in the Johari Window is where information is known to both the individual and others.

Question 15

Halo effect is more likely to occur when:
A) we know the target person and have a good opportunity to measure his or her job performance.
B) we have low expectations of the target person.
C) we have a high level of learning orientation.
D) we are very good at delaying the formation of first impressions.
E) we lack concrete information about the target person and we are not motivated to search for it.

Accepted Answer

The halo effect is more likely to occur when we lack concrete information about the target person and we are not motivated to search for it. This is because when we don't have specific information about someone, we tend to make assumptions and fill in the gaps with generalizations, leading to the halo effect.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified in the Johari Window?
A) Feedback
B) Selective attention
C) Unknown area
D) Hidden area
E) Disclosure

Accepted Answer

The Johari Window identifies four areas: the open area (known to both self and others), the hidden area (known to self but not to others), the blind area (known to others but not to self), and the unknown area (unknown to both self and others). Feedback and disclosure are explicitly identified as processes within these areas, but selective attention is not mentioned.

Question 17

In organizational settings,empathy:
A) has both a cognitive and emotional component.
B) improves sensitivity to the external causes of another person's behavior and results.
C) can reduce the likelihood of fundamental attribution error.
D) does all of the above
E) is only 'A' and 'B'

Accepted Answer

Empathy in organizational settings involves both a cognitive understanding (A) and emotional connection to others. It can improve sensitivity to the external causes of another person's behavior and results (B), which can reduce the likelihood of fundamental attribution error (C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, which includes all of the above.

Question 18

In the Johari Window,disclosure of information to colleagues results in:
A) increasing our open area by reducing our blind area.
B) increasing our unknown area by reducing our hidden area.
C) decreasing our open area by increasing our amount of feedback.
D) increasing our open area by reducing our closed area.
E) increasing our open area by reducing our hidden area.

Accepted Answer

The Johari Window model represents four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. When we disclose information to colleagues, we are reducing our hidden area and increasing our open area, as the information we have shared is now known to others. Therefore, the best choice is E - increasing our open area by reducing our hidden area.

Question 19

Which of the following helps managers to increase their empathy with subordinates?
A) Managers should work together in executive offices away from their employees.
B) Managers should use formal written media (e.g. memos, reports) rather than face-to-face interaction when communicating new directives to employees.
C) Managers should occasionally work in their subordinates' jobs along with their employees.
D) Managers should take a training program where they learn about primacy and recency effects.
E) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Managers can increase their empathy by working along with their employees on occasion. This allows managers to gain a better understanding of the challenges their subordinates face, and demonstrates a willingness to learn from them. Working together can improve communication and build stronger relationships between managers and employees. Options A and B would create distance between managers and their employees, which is not conducive to building empathy, while option D is specific to improving memory and does not address the issue of empathy.

Question 20

Behavior modification does NOT consider:
A) the types of actions that reinforce behavior.
B) the effect of feedback on behavior.
C) employee behavior before the behavior modification strategy is applied.
D) employee attitudes towards the person reinforcing the behavior.
E) changes in employee behavior when the reinforcer is removed.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification focuses on observable behaviors and their modification through reinforcement or punishment, rather than on internal states such as attitudes towards the person reinforcing the behavior.

Quiz 3: Perception and Learning in Organizations

Halo effect occurs when:

A perceptual error in which we tend to believe that other people hold the same beliefs and attitudes that we do refers to:

Brad habitually shows up late for work.Whenever colleagues warn that he could get fired for being late so often,Brad replies that 'everyone does it'.Which perceptual error does Brad seem to be experiencing?

In the Johari Window,the open area gets smaller when we:

Which of the following is/are acquired mainly through observation and experience?

In the Johari Window,feedback from others helps us to:

The objective of the Johari Window is to:

The A-B-C model of behavior modification helps us to:

Which of these statements about behavior modification is FALSE?

Which of the following is a perspective of learning emphasizing the environment rather than human thought as the source of all learning?

Tacit knowledge is LEAST likely to be acquired from which of the following?

Learning influences which of these elements of the MARS model of individual behavior?

Behavior modification,behavioral modelling and experience are mainly identified as:

In the Johari Window,the _______ area includes information about you that is known both to you and others.

Halo effect is more likely to occur when:

Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified in the Johari Window?

In organizational settings,empathy:

In the Johari Window,disclosure of information to colleagues results in:

Which of the following helps managers to increase their empathy with subordinates?

Behavior modification does NOT consider: