Carlos believes that there is a strong relationship between studying for many hours and receiving an A on his next exam. According to expectancy theory, Carlo's belief reflects:

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Expectancy theory proposes that people are motivated to act in certain ways based on their beliefs about the relationship between their efforts, performance, and outcomes. Expectancy refers to the belief that if one puts in effort, it will lead to improved performance. In this case, Carlos believes that studying for many hours will lead to better exam performance, which reflects his expectancy. Valence refers to the value an individual places on a particular outcome, regulation refers to the process of adapting behavior to achieve a desired outcome, and instrumentality refers to the belief that achieving a certain level of performance will lead to desired outcomes. While these concepts are related to expectancy theory, they are not reflected in Carlos's belief about studying and exams.

Carlos Believes That There Is a Strong Relationship Between Studying