Researchers ask a chess expert and an average player to examine chess pieces on a board and memorize the position quickly. Under what circumstances, if any, does the chess expert perform significantly better than the average player?

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Chess experts have more experience with well-played game positions, and therefore are more likely to recognize and remember them quickly. If the pieces are arranged in an unusual or haphazard way, the advantage of the expert decreases and the average player may perform just as well. Under all circumstances (A) and under no circumstances (D) are too extreme and not accurate statements.

Researchers Ask a Chess Expert and an Average Player to Examine