Question 1

Researchers who conduct research with individuals who have limited ability to understand the nature of the research and the possible risks

Accepted Answer

Researchers who conduct research with individuals who have limited ability to understand the nature of the research and the possible risks must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardians and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves. Informed consent from the parents or legal guardians is necessary because they are legally responsible for the well-being of the participants. The assent of the participants themselves is necessary because it reflects respect for their autonomy and allows them to participate to the extent that they are able to understand what is being asked of them.

Question 2

For a class research project,students conceal themselves in bathroom stalls in order to observe conversational behavior of individuals at sinks in the washroom.They count the number of words spoken by women and men in their respective washrooms.An important ethical issue in this research is

Accepted Answer

The ethical issue in this research is privacy. Observing individuals in a washroom without their knowledge or consent is a violation of privacy. While debriefing, informed consent, and deception are all important ethical considerations in research, they are not the main issue in this scenario.

Question 3

Whenever deception is used,the researcher has the responsibility to

Accepted Answer

When deception is used in research, it is important for the researcher to debrief the participant after the experiment. Debriefing involves informing the participant of the true nature and purpose of the study, including any deception that was used. This allows the participant to understand their role in the study and helps to prevent any negative effects of the deception. It is not ethical to withhold information or avoid telling the participant about the deception. It is also important to note that informing the participant of the deception before the experiment begins may compromise the validity of the results.

Question 4

Which of the following is not an important consideration for a researcher who is designing an experiment that will involve deception?

Accepted Answer

The number of people participating in the research is not directly related to the consideration of deception in the experiment design. The other options are important considerations as they relate to ensuring ethical treatment of participants and the importance of the research to advancing scientific knowledge.

Question 5

Which of the following procedures is essential after an experiment involving the use of deception?

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is essential after an experiment involving the use of deception to inform participants of the true nature of the study and address any potential harm or concerns that may have occurred during the experiment. While IRB proposal, research evaluation form, and legal disclaimer statement are important aspects of research ethics, they are not necessarily specific to experiments involving deception.

Question 6

In which of the following situations may it not be necessary for a researcher to obtain informed consent?

Accepted Answer

When observing behavior in public settings with no intervention, individuals have no expectation of privacy, and their behavior is observable by anyone in that public setting. Therefore, informed consent may not be necessary in this situation. However, researchers should still be mindful of ethical considerations, such as respecting individuals' privacy and confidentiality.

Question 7

Which of the following has been used in the argument for the use of deception in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

The argument for the use of deception in psychological research is sometimes based on the idea that general moral principles, such as honesty and informed consent, are sometimes suspended or modified in other areas of life, such as in legal and medical practice. Therefore, some argue that it is acceptable to prioritize the scientific goals of research over the rights of individual research participants in certain circumstances.

Question 8

Which of the following terms describes the ethical issue that arises when information is withheld from research participants or when they are given misinformation?

Accepted Answer

Deception is the term that describes the unethical practice of withholding information or providing misleading information to research participants. This violates the principle of informed consent, which requires that individuals have all necessary information before giving consent to participate in research. Minimal risk refers to the level of harm that is expected from participation in research, distortion refers to the manipulation of data or results, and plagiarism refers to the theft of someone else's work or ideas.

Question 9

According to the APA Ethical Standards,psychologists must inform participants of the nature of the research and that participants are free to participate or to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research.These requirements (among others)are necessary to ensure the participants'

Accepted Answer

The requirement for informing participants of the nature of the research and their right to participate, decline, or withdraw is part of obtaining informed consent. This is necessary to ensure that participants make an informed decision about whether they want to participate in the research.

Question 10

Which of the following ethical principles is contradicted when deception is used in research?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is the ethical principle that requires researchers to inform participants about the nature of the study, its purpose, risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw at any time. Deception can compromise the ability of participants to make informed decisions about participating in the study, thus violating the principle of informed consent.

Question 11

Debriefing individuals following their participation in research follows directly from the moral principles of

Accepted Answer

Debriefing following research participation is a way of demonstrating beneficence by ensuring that participants understand the purpose, significance, and potential impact of their involvement in the study, and to ensure that all of their questions are answered. Respect is also demonstrated through debriefing by ensuring that participants are treated as autonomous agents who are capable of making informed decisions about whether or not to participate in future research.

Question 12

Which of the following uses of deception is always unethical?

Accepted Answer

Deceiving participants to get them to take part in research that involves serious risk is always unethical because it puts participants in harm's way without their informed consent. All other uses of deception may be appropriate in specific circumstances and can be balanced against the potential benefits of the research.

Question 13

Final responsibility for conducting research in an ethical manner rests with the

Accepted Answer

While the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and other oversight bodies play important roles in ensuring ethical research practices, the ultimate responsibility for conducting research in an ethical manner lies with the investigator. The investigator must make informed decisions about research design, data collection, treatment of participants, and data analysis, and must take steps to minimize potential harms and protect the welfare of participants. Ultimately, the integrity of the research project depends on the ethical conduct of the investigator.

Question 14

The right of individuals to decide how information about them is to be communicated to others is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Privacy refers to the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, used, and shared with others.

Question 15

In which of the following situations could individuals be vulnerable to excessive inducement or pressure to participate in research?

Accepted Answer

Requiring prisoners to participate in a psychology experiment could involve coercion, as they may feel they have no choice but to comply, making them vulnerable to excessive inducement or pressure.

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the dimensions that Deiner and Crandall suggest a researcher should consider when deciding what information is private and what safeguards should be employed?

Accepted Answer

Deiner and Crandall's dimensions for considering privacy and safeguards include the sensitivity of the information, the setting in which behavior is observed, and how the information will be disseminated. The source of the information is not one of the dimensions they suggest.

Question 17

Which of the following has not been used in the argument against the use of deception in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

This option has not been used in the argument against the use of deception in psychological research. The other options - B, C, and D - have all been used in the argument against deception.

Question 18

Researchers can avoid the potential of social injury or risk for the participants in their research project if the researchers

Accepted Answer

Protecting the confidentiality of participants' responses helps to prevent social injury or risk by ensuring that sensitive information is not disclosed, which could potentially harm the participants' social standing or relationships.

Question 19

When researchers seek ways that will increase the likelihood that participants and society will benefit from research activities,the researchers are following the moral principle of

Accepted Answer

The moral principle of beneficence requires that researchers seek to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harms to participants and society. By seeking ways to increase the likelihood that participants and society will benefit from research activities, researchers are following this principle. Reciprocity, authority, and fiduciary responsibility are also important principles in research ethics but they are not directly related to the idea of increasing benefits to participants and society.

Question 20

Which of the following is not required of researchers in an informed consent procedure?

Accepted Answer

While it is important for researchers to disclose the nature of the research and any information that might influence participants' willingness to participate, they are not required to provide specific reasons for using deception in the research. However, if deception is used, researchers must disclose that it will occur and explain its purpose.

Quiz 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research