Question 1

Despite the fact that the material being covered in the current chapter of Michael's math class is quite difficult,he is very confident that he will be able to master the concepts if he works hard.Michael is demonstrating a high level of

Accepted Answer

Michael's confidence in his ability to master the difficult material in his math class indicates that he has a high level of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully complete a task or achieve a desired outcome, and it plays an important role in motivation and achievement. By contrast, self-regulation refers to an individual's ability to regulate their own thoughts and behaviors, self-concept refers to an individual's beliefs about themselves and their place in the world, and self-esteem refers to an individual's overall sense of self-worth. While these concepts are related to self-efficacy, they are not the best choices for describing Michael's current mindset.

Question 2

In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

Accepted Answer

In late childhood, children become more aware of social comparison and begin to compare themselves with their peers. This is due to their increasing social interaction with peers and a desire for social acceptance and recognition. Children in early childhood are more likely to use physical characteristics and outer states to describe themselves as they are still developing their sense of self. Comparing themselves with role models may also occur in late childhood but is not as strongly associated with self-understanding as social comparison with peers.

Question 3

During the elementary years,a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

During the elementary years, children increasingly reference psychological characteristics, social comparison, and social aspects in their self-understanding, but not as much on physical characteristics.

Question 4

Kelson is trying to help his son deal with the World Trade Center tragedy of September 11,2001.One strategy Kelson should NOT implement is to:

Accepted Answer

Allowing a child to repeatedly watch news footage of a traumatic event can be harmful and traumatizing. It can also increase anxiety and stress. It is important to limit exposure to graphic and disturbing images.

Question 5

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's fourth stage of development, industry versus inferiority, occurs during middle and late childhood. This stage is focused on children developing a sense of competence through their accomplishments and success in learning new skills. Children who are successful in this stage develop a sense of industry, while those who are not successful may develop feelings of inferiority.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of improving a child's self-esteem through achievement?

Accepted Answer

Teaching a child a new skill and providing opportunities for them to succeed can boost their confidence and sense of achievement, which in turn can improve their self-esteem. Options A, B, and D may have some impact on a child's self-esteem, but they do not directly involve achieving a goal or developing a skill.

Question 7

Research into the effects of high levels of self-regulation have found that higher self-control in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years was related to lower levels of:

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that higher levels of self-regulation (self-control) in children are related to lower levels of deviant behavior, such as aggression, substance use, and delinquency. Higher levels of self-regulation have also been found to be associated with academic achievement and fewer behavioral problems. There is no significant relationship between self-regulation and self-esteem, medication usage, or number of friendships.

Question 8

Children have the highest self-esteem when:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children have the highest self-esteem when:
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Question 9

How would an 8-year-old child most likely describe herself?

Accepted Answer

An 8-year-old child is likely to describe herself in terms of social relationships and personality traits, such as being nice and having friends, rather than focusing solely on physical attributes or comparisons.

Question 10

Jaymon is a third-grader asked by his teacher to describe himself.What is the most likely description Jaymon will give?

Accepted Answer

A third-grader is more likely to describe themselves in terms of their personality or traits rather than their possessions or physical attributes. "I am friendly" is a statement about Jaymon's personality and how he interacts with others, making it the most likely description he would give. Choices A and B are more factual statements and may not provide much insight into Jaymon as a person. Choice D may be less common for a third-grader to mention unless they are particularly interested in athletic activities.

Question 11

Older children are better at coping with stress than younger children for all of the following reasons,EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The correct statement is that older children are NOT better able to deny stressful events. In fact, research suggests that younger children may be more likely to engage in denial as a coping mechanism.

Question 12

Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg agree that:

Accepted Answer

Both Piaget and Kohlberg believe that cognitive development is a crucial factor in the development of morality. Piaget proposed that moral reasoning develops through cognitive stages, while Kohlberg suggests that moral development progresses through moral stages.

Question 13

Self-esteem is to _______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem refers to overall evaluations of the self, whereas self-concept is more specific to evaluations of certain domains or aspects of the self. For example, someone may have high self-esteem overall, but have low self-concept in terms of their athletic ability. Therefore, A is the best choice because it correctly pairs global (self-esteem) with domain-specific (self-concept) self-evaluations.

Question 14

Ten-year-old Julio cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that corresponds to Julio's age (10 years) is industry versus inferiority. At this stage, children are learning to master skills and are expected to be productive, which can give them a sense of accomplishment and competence. However, if they encounter failure or are not able to meet the expectations set for them, they may feel inferior and develop a negative sense of self. Julio's inability to make his science project work may lead him to feel inferior and at risk for developing a sense of inferiority.

Question 15

All of the following are changes in emotional development during middle and late childhood,EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Improvement in the ability to interpret subtle social cues is more related to social development rather than emotional development.

Question 16

Research reported by Baumeister and others in 2003 shows that individuals with high self-esteem:

Accepted Answer

Baumeister's research suggests that individuals with high self-esteem can exhibit both prosocial (helping others) or antisocial (harming others) behavior, depending on the situation and context. Therefore, choice A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 17

Jermaine and Latoya want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem.What should they do?

Accepted Answer

Teaching the daughter to face problems realistically and cope with them is the best choice as it promotes resilience, problem-solving skills, and self-confidence. It helps the child feel more competent and capable of handling challenges. Turning to adults for help is also a good option, but solely relying on others to solve problems can hinder the development of independence and self-esteem. Ignoring problems or handing them over to someone else can result in avoidance and low self-esteem.

Question 18

Tadako's teachers have steadily been working on her self-esteem by frequently commenting on how nice it is to have Tadako as a member of their classes.Which strategy are these teachers engaging in?

Accepted Answer

Tadako's teachers are engaging in emotional support and social approval by frequently commenting on how nice it is to have her as a member of their classes. By doing this, they are helping boost her self-esteem and confidence.

Question 19

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to the set of beliefs and perceptions that individuals hold about themselves in specific domains, such as academic, social, athletic, etc. It includes their expectations, values, and goals related to those domains. Self-esteem, on the other hand, refers to an individual's overall positive or negative evaluation of their worth and value as a person, regardless of specific domains. Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Self-control refers to the ability to manage one's impulses, emotions, and actions in order to achieve long-term goals.

Question 20

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

Accepted Answer

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is moderate. While there is a relationship between the two, it is not strong enough to suggest that one directly causes the other. Factors such as academic ability, family support, and motivation also play a role in school performance. However, research suggests that students with higher self-esteem tend to perform better in school than those with lower self-esteem, indicating a moderate correlation between the two.

Quiz 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood