Question 1

An organism that carries extra sets of chromosomes is termed:
A) Aneuploid
B) Euploid
C) Polyploid
D) Diploid
E) Multiploid

Accepted Answer

An organism that carries extra sets of chromosomes is termed polyploid. Polyploidy is common in plants and can result in increased vigor and even the development of new plant species. Aneuploid organisms, on the other hand, have an abnormal number of individual chromosomes, either too many or too few. Euploid organisms have the normal number of chromosomes for their species, while diploid organisms have two sets of chromosomes. There is no term "multiploid" in genetics.

Question 2

Which of the following terms implies a genetic imbalance?
A) Aneuploid
B) Polyploid
C) Diploid
D) Aneuploid and Polyploid
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

Aneuploid refers to having an abnormal number of chromosomes, which results in a genetic imbalance. Polyploid refers to having multiple complete sets of chromosomes, which may or may not result in a genetic imbalance depending on the specific situation. Diploid refers to having two sets of chromosomes, which is the normal and balanced state for most organisms. Therefore, only Aneuploid implies a genetic imbalance.

Question 3

The pattern of bands within a chromosome is termed:
A) Karyotype
B) Chromogram
C) Ideogram
D) Sonogram
E) None of these

Accepted Answer

The pattern of bands within a chromosome is termed an ideogram. An ideogram is a graphical representation of a chromosome that shows the banding pattern and the relative position of genes and markers. Karyotype refers to the complete set of chromosomes in an organism, while chromogram and sonogram are not related to genetics.

Question 4

If a cytogeneticist refers to the 7p region of a chromosome,he/she is referring to the: A) Short arm on chromosome 7 B) Long arm on chromosome 7 C) 7^th band on chromosome P D) P band on chromosome 7 E) 7^th band on the short arm of chromosome 1

Accepted Answer

The "p" arm (short arm) of a chromosome is indicated by the letter "p" followed by a number designating the region. Therefore, when a cytogeneticist refers to the "7p region," they are referring to the short arm of chromosome 7.

Question 5

Organisms in which one chromosome is either under- or overrepresented are termed:
A) Aneuploid
B) Euploid
C) Polyploid
D) Diploid
E) Haploid

Accepted Answer

Aneuploid refers to organisms in which the number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. In other words, they have either a missing or an extra chromosome.

Question 6

The analysis of stained chromosomes is the main activity of the discipline called:
A) Cytology
B) Cytogenetics
C) Genetics
D) Embryology
E) Neonatology

Accepted Answer

Cytogenetics is the field of genetics that involves the study of chromosomes, their structure, and function. The analysis of stained chromosomes is a crucial activity in this discipline. Cytology is a broader field that includes the study of all cells, while genetics is the study of genes and heredity. Embryology is the study of development, and neonatology is the medical specialty focused on the care of newborn infants.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most commonly used differential stain for chromosome analysis?
A) Giesma
B) Quinacrine
C) Crystal Violet
D) Giema and Quinacrine
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

Giemsa and Quinacrine are the most commonly used differential stains for chromosome analysis.

Question 8

Which technique creates colorful chromosome images by treating chromosome spreads with fluorescently labeled DNA fragments that have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory?
A) Giemsa staining
B) Quinacrine staining
C) Gram staining
D) Chromosome painting
E) Classical karyotyping

Accepted Answer

Chromosome painting is a technique in which fluorescently labeled DNA fragments that have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory are used to create colorful chromosome images. This technique is commonly used in research to identify chromosomal abnormalities and to study chromosome evolution. Giemsa staining, Quinacrine staining, and Gram staining are all traditional staining methods used in microscopy, but they do not involve the use of fluorescent DNA probes. Classical karyotyping is a technique for analyzing the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell, but it does not involve the use of fluorescent DNA probes.

Question 9

When a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a nonhomologous chromosome this is known as:
A) Inversion
B) Translocation
C) Polyploidy
D) Trisomy
E) Monosomy

Accepted Answer

This process is known as translocation. Inversions involve the rearrangement of segments within the same chromosome, while translocations involve the transfer of a segment from one chromosome to another. Polyploidy refers to the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes, trisomy involves an extra copy of a single chromosome, and monosomy involves a missing chromosome.

Question 10

Which of the following is an effect of polyploidy?
A) Increased cell size
B) Increased organism size
C) Organisms that are more robust
D) Increased cell size and Organisms that are more robust
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

Polyploidy, which is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes, can result in increased cell size, increased organism size, and organisms that are more robust. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

Question 11

By labeling chromosomes with various DNA probes it is possible to: 1.Locate individual gene sequences on a chromosome
2)Compare the similarities between human DNA and another mammal's DNA
3)Observe any abnormalities in the chromosome structure
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 3
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

Labeling chromosomes with DNA probes allows for the identification of specific gene locations on chromosomes, comparison of genetic material between species, and the observation of chromosomal abnormalities, making all the given options correct.

Question 12

Which of the following can cause a phenotypic change in an organism?
A) Too many chromosomes
B) Too few chromosomes
C) Changes in part of a chromosome
D) Too many chromosomes and too few chromosomes
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

All of these options can cause a phenotypic change in an organism. Changes in chromosome number (either too many or too few) and alterations in parts of chromosomes can all affect an organism's phenotype by altering the expression of genes.

Question 13

A DNA fragment that interacts with the complementary sequence of DNA on the chromosome is known as a(an):
A) Probe
B) Fingerprint
C) Fluorescent dye
D) Probe and fingerprint
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

A DNA fragment that interacts with the complementary sequence of DNA on the chromosome is known as a probe. Fingerprint refers to the unique DNA pattern of an individual, and fluorescent dye is used to visually label DNA fragments in techniques such as gel electrophoresis. Hence, option A is the best choice as the correct answer.

Question 14

A pictorial chart of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest is known as a(an):
A) Karyotype
B) Genetic analysis
C) Pedigree chart
D) Amniocentesis
E) Chorionic villus sample

Accepted Answer

A karyotype is a pictorial chart of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest. It allows for the identification of chromosomal abnormalities or genetic mutations. Genetic analysis, pedigree charts, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus samples may all be used in conjunction with a karyotype, but they do not refer specifically to the arrangement of chromosomes.

Question 15

The long arm of the chromosome is designated:
A) P
B) Q
C) L
D) M
E) N

Accepted Answer

The designation of the long arm of a chromosome is Q, while the short arm is P. It's a standard convention used in the karyotyping and genetic mapping of chromosomes. L, M, N are not used to describe chromosome arms.

Question 16

The short arm of the chromosome is designated:
A) P
B) Q
C) L
D) M
E) N

Accepted Answer

The short arm of the chromosome is designated by the letter "P". This is a standard designation used in karyotyping to distinguish between the short and long arms of a chromosome. The long arm is designated by the letter "Q".

Question 17

Which type of cell is most often used by researchers?
A) Dividing cells
B) Non-dividing cells
C) Apoptosing cells
D) None of these
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

Dividing cells are most often used by researchers because they are actively proliferating, making them ideal for studying cell cycle, genetics, and cancer research.

Question 18

The human diploid cell has ______ pairs of chromosomes.
A) 12
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46
E) 48

Accepted Answer

Human diploid cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46 chromosomes. This includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

Question 19

Human diploid cells contain _____ chromosomes.
A) 12
B) 24
C) 46
D) 92
E) 23

Accepted Answer

Human diploid cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which adds up to a total of 46 chromosomes. The other answer choices are not accurate, as they are either too low (A and B) or too high (D).

Question 20

Why are many polyploids sterile?
A) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate irregularly in meiosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
B) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate regularly in meiosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
C) Extra sets of chromosomes segregate irregularly in mitosis leading to aneuploidic gametes
D) All of these
E) None of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are many polyploids sterile?
A) Extra sets...

Quiz 6: Variation In Chromosome Number And Structure

An organism that carries extra sets of chromosomes is termed:

Which of the following terms implies a genetic imbalance?

The pattern of bands within a chromosome is termed:

If a cytogeneticist refers to the 7p region of a chromosome,he/she is referring to the:

Organisms in which one chromosome is either under- or overrepresented are termed:

The analysis of stained chromosomes is the main activity of the discipline called:

Which of the following is the most commonly used differential stain for chromosome analysis?

Which technique creates colorful chromosome images by treating chromosome spreads with fluorescently labeled DNA fragments that have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory?

When a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a nonhomologous chromosome this is known as:

Which of the following is an effect of polyploidy?

By labeling chromosomes with various DNA probes it is possible to: 1.Locate individual gene sequences on a chromosome 2) Compare the similarities between human DNA and another mammal's DNA 3) Observe any abnormalities in the chromosome structure

Which of the following can cause a phenotypic change in an organism?

A DNA fragment that interacts with the complementary sequence of DNA on the chromosome is known as a(an) :

A pictorial chart of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest is known as a(an) :

The long arm of the chromosome is designated:

The short arm of the chromosome is designated:

Which type of cell is most often used by researchers?

The human diploid cell has ______ pairs of chromosomes.

Human diploid cells contain _____ chromosomes.

Why are many polyploids sterile?