Question 1

Unlike Freud, the neo-Freudians focused more on the ________ aspects of a patient's functioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike Freud, the neo-Freudians focused more on...

Question 2

His work influenced the contemporary work of interpersonal therapy (IPT).

Accepted Answer

The work of Harry Stack Sullivan, particularly his emphasis on interpersonal relationships, influenced the development of interpersonal therapy (IPT). IPT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on resolving interpersonal issues and improving social functioning. While Jung, Freud, and Beck all made significant contributions to the field of psychology, their work did not directly influence the development of IPT in the same way as Sullivan's did.

Question 3

One reasonable criticism of Freud's psychodynamic theory is that several of his concepts, including therapeutic interpretations, are difficult to measure and verify. From a critical-thinking concept, this presents the challenge of ________.

Accepted Answer

Falsifiability is the ability to test and potentially disprove a theory or concept. If concepts are difficult to measure and verify, they become equally difficult to falsify, which weakens the scientific validity of the theory. Therefore, this presents a challenge to critical thinking. The other answer choices are not directly related to the given criticism of Freud's theory.

Question 4

________ nondirective, person-centred therapy centres on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems.

Accepted Answer

Nondirective, person-centred therapy is largely associated with Carl Rogers and his approach to therapy. This approach places emphasis on the patient's goals, experiences, and way of solving problems rather than the therapist imposing their own ideas or solutions.

Question 5

Sullivan believed that the analyst's proper role is that of ________.

Accepted Answer

Sullivan believed that the analyst's proper role is that of a participant observer. In this role, the analyst engages with the patient in a participatory manner, while also observing and analyzing their behaviors and interactions. This allows the analyst to gain a deeper understanding of the patient's thoughts, feelings, and motivations, and to develop insights that can help guide treatment.

Question 6

Humanistic psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ________ rather than to the ________.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychotherapists emphasize the importance of being present in the moment and focusing on the client's current experiences and feelings. They may explore how past experiences have shaped the client's current thoughts and emotions, but their focus is on the present moment and helping the client to develop self-awareness and personal growth. Therefore, they are most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention on the present rather than the past or future.

Question 7

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)is a short-term intervention designed to strengthen people's social skills and assist them in coping with interpersonal problems and conflicts. It typically lasts for ________ sessions.

Accepted Answer

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) typically lasts for 12-16 sessions, focusing on improving interpersonal relationships and communication patterns to help alleviate symptoms of mental health conditions.

Question 8

Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for choosing the direction of the therapy. Lionel's therapist is making use of ________.

Accepted Answer

This approach is characteristic of Rogers's person-centred therapy, which emphasizes the client's role as the expert on their own experience and the importance of the therapist providing a non-judgemental, empathetic environment in which the client feels safe to explore their thoughts and feelings. The therapist's role is to facilitate the client's self-discovery process rather than imposing their own interpretations or advice.

Question 9

Carl Rogers asserts that an effective psychotherapist will

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers was a proponent of person-centered therapy and emphasized the importance of the therapist providing unconditional positive regard and empathy toward the client. This creates a supportive and non-judgmental environment for the client to openly explore their thoughts and feelings. Options A, B, and D suggest a more confrontational and directive approach, which goes against the person-centered approach.

Question 10

In person-centred therapy, this non-judgemental acceptance of all feelings the patient expresses is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

In person-centred therapy, non-judgemental acceptance of all feelings the patient expresses is known as unconditional positive regard. This means the therapist shows unconditional acceptance and support towards the client, regardless of what they reveal or say during therapy. The therapist must remain non-judgemental and provide a safe environment for the client to feel able to express themselves openly. Unconditional negative regard (B) would be the opposite, where the therapist would only show negative feelings towards the client. Unconditional bipositive regard (A) and unconditional neutral regard (D) are not terms used in person-centred therapy.

Question 11

The neo-Freudians would have been LEAST likely to emphasise the importance of ________ needs in a therapeutic setting.

Accepted Answer

Neo-Freudians, such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, focused less on sexuality and more on social and cultural influences, as well as the search for meaning and individual growth. Therefore, they would be least likely to emphasize the importance of sexual needs in therapy.

Question 12

Sigmund Freud suggested that in therapy a person may transfer important intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto the therapist, so that their relationship mirrors other relationships in the client's life. Another possibility, however, is that stable personality traits in the client may cause him or her to simply react in similar ways to different people. This is an important reminder of the critical-thinking concept of ________.

Accepted Answer

Ruling out rival hypotheses involves considering multiple explanations for a phenomenon and eliminating those that have already been ruled out or have insufficient evidence to support them. In this case, Freud's suggestion is one possible explanation for why a client may transfer feelings onto a therapist, but it is important to also consider other possible explanations such as stable personality traits. Therefore, ruling out rival hypotheses is important in critical thinking about this issue.

Question 13

According to this neo-Freudian, the goal of psychotherapy was individuation.

Accepted Answer

Jung was a neo-Freudian and his theory of psychotherapy focused on guiding the individual towards the process of individuation, which consists of becoming aware of and integrating one's unconscious elements. Freud also had a goal of self-awareness, but it was not termed as individuation in his theory. Sullivan and Beck were not neo-Freudians.

Question 14

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)has shown demonstrated success in substance abuse, eating disorders, and ________.

Accepted Answer

IPT has been specifically developed and studied for the treatment of depression, and has shown positive outcomes in reducing symptoms and improving overall functioning. While it may be used as a complementary therapy for anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, it is not typically the primary treatment approach for these conditions.

Question 15

The Freudian idea of working through was most important ________ insight had been achieved.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that working through was a process that occurred after gaining insight, allowing individuals to integrate and apply that insight into their lives.

Question 16

Humanistic psychotherapists stress the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Humanistic psychotherapists stress the
...

Question 17

________ therapy is a treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ therapy is a treatment that strengthens...

Question 18

Dr Johnson tells her students not to think of a white rabbit during the lecture. Within a few seconds, many students report that they have already thought of a white rabbit. This casts doubt on

Accepted Answer

The fact that the students thought of the white rabbit despite being told not to suggests that repressed memories may not exist or have as much influence as previously believed in psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies. This is because if something as simple as a suggestion can trigger a person to think of a certain image, it may not necessarily mean that the thought is related to a repressed memory, but rather a product of suggestion or suggestion bias.

Question 19

Dr Martinez, a psychodynamic therapist, was quite pleased when her patient improved, and she felt the patient was making excellent progress. In fact, the patient himself stated how great he was feeling, although he still had difficulty realising what the "main conflict" was. The lack of ability for the patient to have insight despite feeling great is an example of which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

Accepted Answer

Ruling out rival hypotheses is the principle that states that other potential explanations for an observation or phenomenon should be considered and eliminated before accepting a specific hypothesis. In this case, the patient's inability to have insight could have various possible explanations, such as the therapy being ineffective or the patient lacking the necessary introspective skills. Therefore, these other possibilities need to be ruled out before concluding that the patient's improvement is solely due to the therapy.

Question 20

Dr Moretti recently published a paper on his therapy work with 10 patients whom he said benefitted greatly from psychoanalysis. The patients all suffered from moderate depression and were in treatment for six months. Dr Moretti's research has come under intense scrutiny as other clinicians and researchers have not been able to consistently find the same results in their patients. This lack of research consistency is a problem for which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

Accepted Answer

Replicability is the principle that scientific findings should be able to be replicated by other researchers in order to confirm their validity. The fact that other clinicians and researchers have not been able to consistently find the same results as Dr Moretti's research indicates a lack of replicability, which is a problem for this principle.

Quiz 17: Psychological and Biological Treatments