Question 1

Sarah has violent aggressive impulses.Rather than express them directly,she gets a job dismantling wrecked cars and "smashing" them.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior. In this case, Sarah's aggressive impulses are transformed into a socially acceptable behavior of dismantling wrecked cars.

Question 2

In the learned helplessness experiments,dogs learned to passively submit to shocks through a procedure in which the experimenters

Accepted Answer

In the learned helplessness experiments, dogs were administered several shocks while preventing escape. This led to the dogs learning to passively submit to the shocks, even when escape was possible. The experimenters did not use a signal light or forcibly drag the dogs to the shock department. While a barrier may have been used, the key aspect of the procedure was preventing escape and administering shocks.

Question 3

As a teenager,Justin has found that he can work off his frustrated desires by playing heavy metal and punk rock on his electric guitar.Justin is utilizing the defense mechanism known as

Accepted Answer

Justin is using sublimation as a defense mechanism because he is redirecting his frustrated desires into a socially acceptable outlet, such as playing guitar.

Question 4

As a consequence of his horrendous nightmares,Steve channeled these diabolical images and thoughts into becoming a mystery writer.Which of the following defense mechanisms is he using?

Accepted Answer

Steve is using sublimation, which is the redirection of unacceptable impulses or instincts into socially acceptable activities. In this case, he is channeling his disturbing thoughts into writing mystery novels, which is a socially acceptable outlet for his thoughts and emotions.

Question 5

Sports may be said to be an institutionalized way of dealing with unacceptable impulses for aggression and intense competition through the defense mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is the process of channeling unacceptable impulses or instincts, such as aggression, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior, such as sports. The intense competition and physical exertion involved in sports provide a socially and culturally acceptable outlet for these impulses.

Question 6

Researchers in San Antonio,Texas,asked older people if they were hopeful about the future.Those who answered "No" died at elevated rates,which illustrates the devastating effects of

Accepted Answer

The elevated rates of mortality among those who answered "No" to being hopeful about the future point towards the phenomenon of learned helplessness. This is a belief that one has no control over their circumstances or the future and can lead to negative health outcomes, including elevated mortality rates.

Question 7

In order to prevent the spread of learned helplessness,an individual should learn to attribute failure to

Accepted Answer

In order to prevent the spread of learned helplessness, an individual should learn to attribute failure to specific factors in the original situation rather than lasting, general factors or enduring fate. This allows them to see that they have some control over the situation and can make changes to improve their outcomes in the future. Additionally, focusing on specific factors allows for the development of problem-focused coping attempts.

Question 8

Mark repeatedly failed at school and was retained twice.He began to believe that nothing he did would improve his grades,so he gave up easily on assignments and tests and eventually dropped out of school in the tenth grade. Mark's school experience illustrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

Mark's experience of repeated failure and eventual resignation is an example of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when an individual experiences repeated failure or adversity and begins to believe that they have no control over the situation, leading to a sense of helplessness and giving up easily. This can lead to a cycle of continued failure and resignation, as seen in Mark's case.

Question 9

A very aggressive person may find social acceptance as a professional soldier;a greedy person may channel this urge into becoming a successful business person,and a person who tends to lie may re-channel this unacceptable impulse into creative writing.All of these are examples of which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

These examples all demonstrate the defense mechanism of sublimation, which involves redirecting unacceptable impulses or drives into socially acceptable channels.

Question 10

Persons who are made to feel helpless in one situation are more likely to act helpless in other situations if they

Accepted Answer

Persons who attribute failure to lasting, general factors are more likely to generalize their feelings of helplessness to new situations, as they perceive their inability to control outcomes as a pervasive aspect of their lives, rather than something specific to a single situation.

Question 11

Which of the following is a common reaction to repeated failure and to unpredictable or unavoidable punishment?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a common reaction to repeated failure and to unpredictable or unavoidable punishment. It is the feeling of giving up because the individual believes that their actions have no effect on the outcome, leading to a sense of powerlessness and lack of control.

Question 12

According to Seligman,learned helplessness results because people learn that

Accepted Answer

Seligman's theory of learned helplessness posits that an individual learns that they are powerless to avoid negative outcomes or punishment. Therefore, option A is the most accurate choice.

Question 13

Freud believed that art,music,dance,poetry,scientific investigation,and other creative activities could serve to rechannel sexual energies into productive behavior,a process he called

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is the process of redirecting unacceptable impulses (such as sexual or aggressive impulses) into more socially acceptable behaviors or activities (such as artistic or scientific pursuits). Freud believed that sublimation was a healthy way to deal with these impulses, and that it could lead to productive and creative behavior. Therefore, A is the best choice as it directly relates to Freud's belief about the role of creative activities in channeling sexual energy.

Question 14

People who are exposed repeatedly to unpleasant events over which they have no control may develop a passive resignation to the event.This condition is called

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a condition where individuals learn to feel helpless and powerless in situations where they have no control over events that are unpleasant. They may develop a sense of resignation towards these situations, leading to a feeling of helplessness and a lack of motivation to change the situation. This can happen in situations such as abusive relationships or repeated failures at a task despite efforts to succeed.

Question 15

Don is quite harsh in punishing his six-year-old son.Often,he belittles the boy and on occasion he has slapped him for running away from a spanking.Don may be provoking which of the following in his young son?

Accepted Answer

Don's behavior may lead to learned helplessness in his son, where the child may believe that nothing he does can change his situation and may stop trying to improve or change his behavior. The other options are not directly related to the described behavior of Don towards his son.

Question 16

According to Seligman,when people believe that they are powerless to avoid punishment,they often exhibit

Accepted Answer

Seligman's theory of learned helplessness states that when people believe they are powerless to avoid punishment, they often exhibit a state of "learned helplessness" where they give up trying to avoid negative outcomes and may become apathetic or depressed. This is not related to any of the other concepts listed (sublimation, compensation, reaction formation).

Question 17

Martin Seligman studied the case of a young marine who was being held prisoner during the Vietnam War.When the marine was not released on the date promised,he immediately lapsed into a deep depression,refused to eat or drink,and died shortly after.According to Seligman,this case illustrated the concept of

Accepted Answer

The case of the marine illustrates learned helplessness, which is the idea that when an individual feels that they have no control over a situation, they give up and stop trying to improve their circumstances. In this case, the marine's belief that he had no control over his situation led to his depression and ultimately his death.

Question 18

Which of the following appear(s)to be the most easily and widely sublimated?

Accepted Answer

Sexual motives are often considered the most easily and widely sublimated due to their strong physiological drive and socially taboo nature. Sublimation refers to redirecting unacceptable impulses or drives into socially acceptable behaviors or activities. Sexual desires, which are considered taboo in many societies, can be redirected into creative or intellectual pursuits, sports, or other socially acceptable activities. In contrast, types of impulses such as greed, anger, and avoidance of pain may be more difficult to sublimate as they are more directly linked to survival and self-preservation instincts.

Question 19

Which of the following is a psychological state that occurs when events appear to be uncontrollable?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a psychological state that occurs when individuals perceive that events are uncontrollable and believe that their own actions will not bring about desired outcomes. This can lead to a sense of passive resignation and a lack of effort to exert influence over the situation.

Question 20

A laboratory procedure in which subjects were given inescapable shocks until they made no attempts to escape produced

Accepted Answer

The laboratory procedure described is commonly known as the "learned helplessness" paradigm, in which subjects are exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli until they give up attempting to escape or avoid the stimulation. This produces a state of "learned helplessness," in which individuals become passive and show deficits in motivation, learning, and decision-making in subsequent situations.

Quiz 57: Health, Stress, and Coping: Defenses, Helplessness, and Depression