Question 1

Towns that hung signs reading "Whites Only within City Limits after Dark" were known as:

Accepted Answer

Towns that hung signs reading "Whites Only within City Limits after Dark" were known as sundown towns. These were typically all-white communities that enforced segregation and discriminated against non-white individuals after sunset.

Question 2

Facing high levels of environmental hazards,being isolated from economic opportunities,neglected by political leaders,and feeling stigmatized by a "blemish of place" are common experiences by residents of what two types of neighborhoods?

Accepted Answer

Poor, rural white areas and the ghetto are the two types of neighborhoods where residents commonly face high levels of environmental hazards, isolation from economic opportunities, neglect from political leaders, and feelings of being stigmatized by a "blemish of place."

Question 3

What events prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?

Accepted Answer

The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, followed by widespread urban uprisings and protests, prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act. The Act included provisions banning discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing, as well as prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in employment.

Question 4

Which of the following factors contributed to the Great Migration?

Accepted Answer

Job shortages in the South due to a decline in the price of cotton and job vacancies in the North due to a decrease in European immigration were the main factors that contributed to the Great Migration. African Americans were seeking better economic opportunities and higher wages, which were available in the industrial cities of the North.

Question 5

Which of the following life experiences has been linked to job loss,depression,residential instability,and relocating to poorer,more violent neighborhoods and is twice as likely to happen to women as men?

Accepted Answer

Eviction has been linked to job loss, depression, residential instability, and relocating to poorer, more violent neighborhoods. Studies have shown that women are twice as likely to experience eviction as men.

Question 6

In the 1920s and 1930s,why did some recent immigrants,such as Germans and Irish,leave the slum and assimilate into the American mainstream but others,such as the Chinese,did not?

Accepted Answer

The Chinese faced discriminatory laws and customs that prevented them from assimilating and living outside of the slums. These laws were based on a belief in a "racial uniform" that deemed Chinese immigrants as undesirable and inferior. Germans and Irish immigrants, on the other hand, did not face the same level of discrimination and were able to assimilate more easily. It is inaccurate to suggest that Chinese immigrants did not work as hard or preferred to live in the slums.

Question 7

Which of the following terms is used to describe real estate agents who preyed upon whites' fears of integration by hiring people of color to appear as if they had moved into a traditionally white neighborhood,in an attempt to get white families to sell their homes for under-market value?

Accepted Answer

Blockbusting agents used this technique to "bust" the racial block in a neighborhood, causing panic selling and often resulting in profit for the agent.

Question 8

How did urban development projects immediately following World War II affect housing opportunities for nonwhites?

Accepted Answer

Urban development projects undertaken immediately after World War II displaced many nonwhite residents from their homes, forcing them into overcrowded and deteriorating neighborhoods. Many were pushed into areas with weak economic opportunities and little access to services, severely constraining their housing opportunities. This had a profoundly negative impact on nonwhite communities, and the legacy of these policies is still felt today.

Question 9

In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century?

Accepted Answer

Housing segregation forced many African Americans into neighborhoods with higher rent and lower-quality housing. This made it harder for them to accumulate wealth and invest in their communities. Meanwhile, white Americans were often able to live in more desirable areas with better-paying jobs and higher property values. This contributed to a widening wealth gap between white and black Americans.

Question 10

What is one way the Federal Housing Administration contributed to the exclusion of nonwhites from the private housing market?

Accepted Answer

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) contributed to the exclusion of nonwhites from the private housing market primarily through discriminatory lending practices, such as denying loans to nonwhite individuals. This practice, part of a broader strategy known as redlining, significantly limited the ability of nonwhite families to buy homes in certain neighborhoods or to access affordable housing loans.

Question 11

Why are Native American reservations often the target of environmental racism,such as locations for dump sites and mining operations?

Accepted Answer

Reservations are under federal jurisdiction, and not subject to state regulations on dumping. This creates a regulatory loophole that may make it easier for companies to establish waste dumps or mining operations on reservation land. Additionally, Native American communities living on reservations are marginalized and often lack the political and economic power to resist these unwanted developments. This systemic discrimination and exploitation is known as environmental racism.

Question 12

What are two reasons that black urban neighborhoods were more decayed than white neighborhoods?

Accepted Answer

Black neighborhoods often had the oldest housing stock in need of the most repair, and homeowners could have difficulty receiving loans to improve their properties due to discriminatory lending practices. This can lead to a cycle of decay and neglect in the neighborhood. A is also a possible reason, but it doesn't explain the root cause of the issue, which is the lack of resources and discriminatory lending practices. B and D are not accurate as they generalize the attitudes and behaviors of residents in black urban neighborhoods.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that many African Americans live in neighborhoods that are segregated and isolated from other racial groups, particularly in metropolitan areas. A and B are both incorrect statements. A recent study showed that the average white person in U.S. cities lives in a neighborhood that is 73 percent white, not 45 percent. And while there may be variations in segregation levels among different Asian ethnic groups, there is no evidence to suggest that this varies based on skin tone, making statement D incorrect as well.

Question 14

A banker that refused to give financially qualified buyers a mortgage because their desired home was in a nonwhite area marked as too risky for a loan was engaged in what discriminatory practice?

Accepted Answer

The banker is engaging in redlining, which is the practice of refusing loans or charging higher interest rates to individuals living in specific neighborhoods, typically based on race or ethnicity. In this case, the nonwhite area is being marked as too risky for a loan, indicating discrimination based on race. Property covenants are agreements that prohibit certain groups of people from owning property in a specific area, while blockbusting involves the practice of inducing owners to sell their properties by suggesting that a protected class is moving into the neighborhood. Gatekeeping involves restricting access to information or resources and is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 15

Which of the following directly contributed to white flight out of urban centers and into the suburbs?

Accepted Answer

Federal government loan programs, such as the GI Bill, provided financial assistance for veterans to purchase homes in the suburbs. However, these programs were often discriminatory and excluded people of color, leading to the concentration of minorities in urban centers and the flight of white families to the suburbs. This phenomenon, known as white flight, contributed to a racial and economic divide between urban and suburban areas.

Question 16

Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Segregation creates the idea that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging, perpetuating the idea that people of different races are fundamentally different, creating a symbolic cost.

Question 17

A settlement located near agricultural fields consisting of dilapidated shacks,low-cost housing,and inhabited primarily by U.S.citizens and migrant farm workers is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

Colonias are settlements that often lack basic services, found in the U.S. near the Mexico border, characterized by poor conditions and inhabited by migrant workers and low-income families.

Question 18

Which of the following terms pertains to neighborhoods marked by severe spatial and social segregation and by an amputation from America's economic prosperity,national security,collective imagination and memory,and state services?

Accepted Answer

"Advanced marginality" is a term coined by sociologist Loïc Wacquant to describe neighborhoods that are characterized by severe spatial and social segregation and are disconnected from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services. The other choices are either not relevant to the given description (A, C) or too broad (D).

Question 19

What were the aims of U.S.government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II?

Accepted Answer

The aim of the U.S. government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II was to move them to urban centers in order to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution. The government believed that by moving Native Americans to cities, they would be more likely to abandon their traditional ways and assimilate into mainstream American culture. This policy was part of the larger Indian termination policy, which sought to eliminate the special status of Native American tribes and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society.

Question 20

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey?

Accepted Answer

The Detroit Area Survey found that the majority of black respondents preferred a racially balanced neighborhood (50% black, 50% white), but a significant portion of white respondents were not comfortable with such a racial mix, highlighting the racial preferences and discomforts regarding neighborhood composition.

Quiz 5: Housing