Question 1

Barbara can write most of her letters by herself,but there are a few that she needs her teacher's help with.Vygotsky would say that this best illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development includes the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Scaffolding is a teaching method that involves providing support to students as they learn new skills. As the student becomes more proficient, the support is gradually removed, much like scaffolding is removed from a building once it is no longer needed.
In the scenario described, Barbara can write most of her letters by herself, but she still needs help with a few. Vygotsky would say that the letters Barbara can write on her own are within her current level of development, while the letters she needs help with are within her ZPD. Her teacher's assistance is the scaffolding that supports her learning. As Barbara practices and receives help, she will likely be able to write those letters independently, demonstrating that the scaffolding has effectively supported her learning within her ZPD.

Question 2

Clara has become adept at popping the child safety locks off of the drawers.Her parents must have installed the same ones in each room.When Clara finds one on the toilet that does not work the ways the others do,she has to _____.

Accepted Answer

Clara needs to accommodate, which means she has to adjust her existing knowledge or skills to deal with the new type of lock. This is different from assimilating, which would involve incorporating the new experience into her existing framework without changing her approach.

Question 3

In general,_____ increases behavior,whereas _____ decreases behavior.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement increases behavior, whereas punishment decreases behavior. Therefore, option C is the correct answer as it correctly identifies the effects of reinforcement and punishment.

Question 4

Piagetian theory is also called _____.

Accepted Answer

Piagetian theory is also known as cognitive constructivist theory because it emphasizes the role of active construction of knowledge by individuals as they interact with the environment. It focuses on the development of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and reasoning. This theory also emphasizes the importance of the stage-based approach to development, where children progress through different stages of cognitive development, each characterized by distinct cognitive abilities and limitations.

Question 5

Which researcher was known for conducting the Bobo doll experiment?

Accepted Answer

The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961.

Question 6

______ is known as the central learning process in social learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ is known as the central learning...

Question 7

Carlo is very good at coloring in the lines.When given a detailed picture,he goes outside the lines a few times.His teacher assists him in erasing the marks outside of the lines.His teacher is providing _____.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the support provided by the teacher to help the student learn a new skill or concept. In this case, the teacher assists Carlo by helping him correct his mistakes, which is a form of scaffolding to improve his coloring skills.

Question 8

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stages of cognitive development follow a logical sequence based on age and the development of mental abilities. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage, during which infants learn about their environments through their senses and actions. The preoperational stage comes next, during which children begin to represent the world symbolically but still struggle with logical thinking. The concrete operational stage follows, during which children improve their logical thinking abilities but still have difficulty with abstract concepts. Finally, the formal operational stage is reached in adolescence, during which individuals can think abstractly and reason hypothetically. The correct order, therefore, is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, which is represented by choice D.

Question 9

Jacob tried to open all the doors in the house by jiggling the handle.He is using the schema of _____.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas or mental structures. In this case, Jacob is using his existing schema of opening doors by jiggling the handle to try to open all the doors in the house.

Question 10

Vygotsky felt that learning always took place _____.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that learning occurs through social and cultural processes, where individuals interact and learn from others in their social and cultural environment. This is referred to as the sociocultural theory. Learning is not limited to formal educational settings such as schools, but can occur in any social context. Additionally, Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is influenced by social interactions and cultural context, rather than simply being the result of biological maturation.

Question 11

You got very angry and threw a pillow across the room.You did not know your young son saw you act this way.Later that day your son became upset and threw a pillow across the room.His behavior was most likely a result of _____.

Accepted Answer

The son's behavior was most likely a result of modeling, as he observed and copied his parent's behavior of throwing a pillow across the room. "Observing" and "watching" are similar to modeling, but do not fully capture the concept of actively copying a behavior.

Question 12

Your teenager stayed up all night talking to her long-distance boyfriend on the phone,which resulted in an extremely high phone bill you had to pay.You do not want her to do not want her to repeat that behavior so you take away her phone for a month.Which of the following describes your technique?

Accepted Answer

The parent is using punishment as a technique to discourage the behavior of staying up all night on the phone. The phone is being taken away as a consequence of the behavior, with the hope that the teenager will not repeat the behavior in the future. Neither positive reinforcement nor negative reinforcement are being used, as those involve rewarding or removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Observational learning is not relevant in this scenario, as it involves learning through observation of others' behavior, rather than direct consequences of one's own behavior.

Question 13

The feeling of self-confidence that comes with the belief that one has the ability to complete tasks and reach goal is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully complete tasks and achieve goals. It is a key component of self-confidence and relates specifically to one's perceived ability to accomplish specific tasks or challenges. Self-esteem refers more broadly to one's overall sense of self-worth, while self-concept includes both self-esteem and one's perceptions of one's abilities, personality traits, and other aspects of the self. Self-reverence is not a commonly used term in psychology or self-help literature.

Question 14

Which is the best example of a maturational ability?

Accepted Answer

Hair growing is a maturational ability because it is a natural physical development that occurs as a person grows and ages. It is not something that is learned or acquired through experience or teaching.

Question 15

You are babysitting a toddler who wants a cookie before bed.You say "no" so the toddler begins to throw a tantrum.To get the toddler to stop throwing a tantrum you give in and give her a cookie.The toddler has (inadvertently)used ______ to shape your behavior.

Accepted Answer

The toddler has used negative reinforcement to shape your behavior. By throwing a tantrum (a negative condition), the toddler creates a situation that you want to escape from. When you give in and give the toddler a cookie, you are effectively removing the negative condition (the tantrum), which reinforces your behavior of giving in to stop the tantrum in the future.

Question 16

In Bandura et al.'s (1961)Bobo doll experiment,they found that children exposed to the aggressive model were ______ to act aggressively toward the Bobo doll compared to children who were not exposed to the aggressive model.

Accepted Answer

Bandura et al. (1961) found that children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act aggressively toward the Bobo doll compared to children who were not exposed to the aggressive model.

Question 17

Which of the following asserts people learn through observation and imitation of other people?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory is the only option that emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of other people. Classical conditioning involves learning through association between stimuli, operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behaviors, and psychosocial theory involves multiple factors including personal experiences and social interactions, but does not focus specifically on observation and imitation.

Question 18

Piaget is a cognitive constructivist theorist.Vygotsky is a _____.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in shaping cognitive development, therefore he is considered a social constructivist.

Question 19

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development was _____.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the space between what children can do independently and what they require adult assistance to accomplish. It is the area where learning is most likely to occur.

Question 20

What is a cognitive structure used for processing,organizing,and interpreting information?

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive structure used for processing, organizing, and interpreting information. It is essentially a mental framework that we use to make sense of the world around us. When we encounter new information, we compare it to our existing schemas and adjust them as necessary.

Quiz 1: A Cultural Approach to Child Development