Question 1

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-large: 2 to 40 amino acids in length

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptides are typically composed of 2 to 40 amino acids, fitting the description of being large in this context. Classical neurotransmitters are usually smaller molecules.

Question 2

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_Cl- of the subsynaptic membrane

Accepted Answer

Increased P_Cl- (permeability to chloride ions) typically leads to hyperpolarization of the subsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential, which is characteristic of an inhibitory synapse.

Question 3

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-released into the blood for delivery to site of action

Accepted Answer

Classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are typically released into synaptic clefts or local areas rather than into the bloodstream for delivery to their site of action.

Question 4

Assume that a hypothetical neuron has three presynaptic inputs converging upon it. Presynaptic inputs A and B are excitatory, and C is inhibitory. Indicate which of the following changes will take place by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the answer code below:
-What would occur if both presynaptic neurons A and B were fired simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

When both presynaptic neurons A and B are fired simultaneously, their excitatory inputs will summate spatially at the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in a larger depolarization and increased likelihood of an action potential. The inhibitory input from presynaptic neuron C may also affect the ultimate outcome, but the question only asks about what will occur with the firing of A and B.

Question 5

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code:
-a small depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

Accepted Answer

A small depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron is associated with an excitatory synapse. Excitatory synapses increase the likelihood of an action potential by depolarizing the neuron.

Question 6

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code:
-Secretes chemical messengers that affect target cells.

Accepted Answer

Both the endocrine and nervous systems secrete chemical messengers that affect target cells; the endocrine system uses hormones, while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters.

Question 7

Use the answer code to answer the questions in this section:
-Type of current associated with a depolarizing stimulus

Accepted Answer

Depolarizing stimulus increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+, leading to an inward current of Na+ ions.

Question 8

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane (no change in P_Na+)

Accepted Answer

An increase in PK+ (potassium permeability) without a change in PNa+ (sodium permeability) typically leads to hyperpolarization of the subsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential, which is characteristic of an inhibitory synapse.

Question 9

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-synthesized in cytosol of synaptic knob

Accepted Answer

Both classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are synthesized in the cytosol of the synaptic knob.

Question 10

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-released from axon terminal

Accepted Answer

Both classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are released from the axon terminal.

Question 11

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-usually function as neuromodulators

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptides usually function as neuromodulators, while classical neurotransmitters usually function as fast-acting chemical messengers.

Question 12

Assume that a hypothetical neuron has three presynaptic inputs converging upon it. Presynaptic inputs A and B are excitatory, and C is inhibitory. Indicate which of the following changes will take place by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the answer code below:
-What would occur if both presynaptic neurons A and C were fired simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Assume that a hypothetical neuron has three...

Question 13

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-usually open specific ion channels in cell on which they act

Accepted Answer

Classical neurotransmitters usually open specific ion channels in the cell on which they act, allowing for rapid and precise signaling. Neuropeptides, on the other hand, often act through second messenger systems and G protein-coupled receptors, leading to slower, more diffuse signaling.

Question 14

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code:
-Stores hormones for secretion.

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system is responsible for producing and storing hormones for secretion into the bloodstream. The nervous system uses neurotransmitters for communication, but does not store them in the same way that the endocrine system stores hormones. Therefore, this characteristic applies only to the endocrine system.

Question 15

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code:
-a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

Accepted Answer

A hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron suggests that an inhibitory synapse has been activated. Inhibitory synapses increase the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron, making it less likely to generate an action potential.

Question 16

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_Na+ and increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane

Accepted Answer

Increased P_Na+ and increased P_K+ indicate the influx of sodium and potassium ions, which is associated with depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This is characteristic of an excitatory synapse.

Question 17

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code:
-small: one amino acid or similar chemical

Accepted Answer

Classical neurotransmitters are typically small molecules, composed of one or more amino acids or similar chemical structures.

Answer: B
 Neuropeptides are typically larger molecules composed of chains of amino acids, and are therefore not considered "small."

Question 18

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code:
-Has an influence on other major control system.

Accepted Answer

Both the endocrine and nervous systems have an influence on other major control systems in the body, such as the cardiovascular and digestive systems. The endocrine system releases hormones that can affect target cells throughout the body, while the nervous system can transmit signals rapidly through nerves to coordinate actions and responses.

Question 19

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code:
-Structural continuity in the system.

Accepted Answer

The nervous system has structural continuity through its network of neurons and synapses, whereas the endocrine system is composed of discrete glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 20

Assume that a hypothetical neuron has three presynaptic inputs converging upon it. Presynaptic inputs A and B are excitatory, and C is inhibitory. Indicate which of the following changes will take place by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the answer code below:
-What would occur if presynaptic neuron B is fired rapidly?

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires rapidly, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach the threshold for an action potential due to the cumulative effect of the excitatory signals.

Quiz 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -large: 2 to 40 amino acids in length

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased PCl- of the subsynaptic membrane

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -released into the blood for delivery to site of action

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -a small depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Secretes chemical messengers that affect target cells.

Use the answer code to answer the questions in this section: -Type of current associated with a depolarizing stimulus

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased PK+ of the subsynaptic membrane (no change in PNa+)

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -synthesized in cytosol of synaptic knob

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -released from axon terminal

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -usually function as neuromodulators

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -usually open specific ion channels in cell on which they act

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Stores hormones for secretion.

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased PNa+ and increased PK+ of the subsynaptic membrane

Indicate which characteristic applies to classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides using the following answer code: -small: one amino acid or similar chemical

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Has an influence on other major control system.

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Structural continuity in the system.

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_Cl- of the subsynaptic membrane

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane (no change in P_Na+)

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_Na+ and increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane