Question 1

Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not a contemporary critique of Piagetian theory that has experimental support. It actually contradicts Piaget's theory, which proposed that infants develop object permanence around 8-9 months old. Experimental evidence suggests that infants gradually develop object permanence around this age, rather than having it at birth. Therefore, statement D is incorrect. A, B, and C are all critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support.

Question 2

Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

This situation is consistent with separation anxiety, a normal developmental phase that typically arises between 6 and 9 months of age. Jacinta's neighbor went through a similar experience with her own children, indicating that this is a common issue. It is important for Jacinta to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment to help her child transition through this phase. The other options, blaming the child or suggesting a physical issue or a problem with the babysitter, are not supported by what is known about infant cognitive development.

Question 3

Assimilation can be described as ____________ and accommodation can be described as ____________.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation involves restructuring or modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Question 4

Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult,like a parent or other caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed. This cognitive achievement is crucial for a baby to form an attachment to a specific adult because it allows the baby to remember and think about the caregiver even when the caregiver is not present.

Question 5

Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided us with much of what we know about the infant's perceptual abilities.The habituation paradigm takes advantage of

Accepted Answer

The habituation paradigm in infant research relies on the observation that babies tend to pay more attention to new stimuli than to those they have become accustomed to. This tendency to orient to new stimulation allows researchers to infer what infants can perceive by noting changes in their attention or looking behavior when different stimuli are presented.

Question 6

According to Vygotsky,language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that language is a tool or sign that facilitates learning and thinking. He emphasized the importance of social interaction and language in cognitive development, suggesting that language allows individuals to communicate and share ideas, leading to the formation of higher mental functions such as problem-solving and critical thinking. The term "tool" or "sign" suggests that language is a means to an end, rather than an end in itself.

Question 7

Carla,a 10-month-old infant,sees her caregiver enter the room carrying a bottle of milk for another child in the day care center.Carla watches the caregiver give the bottle to the other child,and then extends her hands toward the bottle,making noises that indicate she wants one as well.Her caregiver notices,picks Carla up,and quickly prepares a bottle for her.In this example,Carla is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Carla's reaching out for the milk bottle and making noises indicates that she is using means-end behavior, where she is trying to achieve a goal (i.e. getting a bottle of milk) by using a means (i.e. reaching out and making noises to grab the caregiver's attention).

Question 8

Reflective clinicians often absorb the tenets and techniques associated with major

Accepted Answer

Reflective clinicians often incorporate constructivism, which emphasizes understanding and interpreting experiences, aligning with reflective practice.

Question 9

Sam is at home with his two children,3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith.Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle.Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby.Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait,but Daria continues to insist.Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother.Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development,what would you tell Sam?

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers typically exhibit cognitive egocentrism, which means they have difficulty understanding the needs and perspectives of others. Daria's reaction is a normal developmental response for a child her age.

Question 10

Based on what you have learned about language development,what advice would you give to new parents who are concerned about their child's literacy and later success in school?

Accepted Answer

The best advice for new parents concerned about their child's literacy and later success in school is to provide lots of good quality language experience and practice by asking questions and elaborating on many topics of interest to their children. This will not only increase a child's vocabulary, but also help to develop their comprehension and critical thinking skills, which are crucial for academic success. Flashcards may help with vocabulary development, but they do not provide the same level of meaningful language experience as genuine interaction and discussion. Children should also be allowed to develop at their own pace, as rushing them into formal reading instruction before they are ready can actually be counterproductive.

Question 11

Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions,desires,beliefs,feelings,and so on.This field of study is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The field of study that focuses on infants and children's understanding of other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, etc. is referred to as theory of mind. Cognitive development (A) is a broader field of study that includes the development of thinking and problem-solving skills. Concrete operational thought (C) and preoperational thought (D) are both stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development but do not specifically relate to the understanding of other people's mental states.

Question 12

The ability to use language to communicate effectively by using well-organized narratives primarily depends upon the development of ____________ skill.

Accepted Answer

The ability to use language effectively in social situations or conversations (i.e. pragmatic skill) is crucial for organizing narratives and communicating effectively with others. Phonological, semantic, and syntactic skills are important for language development and production, but are not directly related to organizing narratives.

Question 13

In a number conservation task a set of discrete items is laid out in two rows They are first laid out in exactly the same way,and then one row is moved so that the items are farther apart.Typically,3- and 4-year-olds

Accepted Answer

According to the information given, 3- and 4-year-olds recognize that the rows have the same number when arranged identically, but believe there are more items when they are farther apart. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that young children do not have trouble with number conservation tasks, which is not supported by the given information. Option C is incorrect because it suggests that young children can easily decenter from the number of objects, which is also not supported by the information given. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that young children are able to take into account all relevant observations at once, which is not supported by the information given.

Question 14

Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include

Accepted Answer

Crawling and scribbling with a crayon are not typically achieved until later in development. Sitting without support generally occurs around 6-7 months, and standing with support is usually around 9-12 months. At 4 months, rolling over and reaching for objects are important motor milestones, while visual tracking of moving objects is important for visual development. 20/20 vision is not necessarily achieved at this age, but visual preference for faces is typical.

Question 15

Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) have difficulty understanding that objects and events can be imagined or represented in reality, but are not necessarily real. This means that Peter, at 4 years old, may still believe that monsters he sees on TV could be real and present in his environment. Ms. Hernandez may need to use more concrete examples or experiences to help Peter differentiate between fantasy and reality in order to alleviate his fear of monsters.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory acknowledges the variability within stages of cognitive development, recognizing that while children may be in the same stage, their understanding of concepts like causality and morality can differ significantly.

Question 17

Which of the following research techniques is an appropriate method for studying cognitive development of individuals during the sensorimotor period?

Accepted Answer

The habituation paradigm is an appropriate research technique for studying cognitive development during the sensorimotor period because it assesses infants' ability to discriminate between familiar and novel stimuli, which can provide insight into their perceptual and cognitive abilities. The other options (survey method, semi-structured interview, and conservation of matter tasks) are not as appropriate for studying cognitive development during the sensorimotor period.

Question 18

Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate?

Accepted Answer

Separation distress is a common behavior in infants as they become more attached to their primary caregivers and become more aware of their surroundings. As recognition memory improves during this period, the baby may become more upset when they are separated from their caregiver because they remember them more vividly.

Question 19

Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What Piagetian idea helps to explain why Peter does not understand the truth about the unreality of TV monsters?

Accepted Answer

Peter may understand on a surface level that monsters are not real (assimilation), but he lacks the cognitive structures or schemas necessary to fully integrate this new information into his existing understanding of the world (accommodation). This is why he continues to fear monsters despite being told they are not real.

Question 20

Mrs.Harmon,the mother of 18-month-old Bryce,is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well.He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants.Mrs.Harmon has read several child development books which indicate that Bryce should be in the stage of language learning.Mrs.Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally.Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages,what would be your best advice?

Accepted Answer

Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. It is important to remember that each child develops at their own pace, and some may be slower or faster than others in certain areas. It is also important to note that language development can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, environment, and exposure to language. It may be helpful for Mrs. Harmon to continue reading and educating herself on language development and to talk to a pediatrician or speech-language pathologist if she continues to have concerns. Flashcards and other language exercises may also be beneficial, but should be used in conjunction with other strategies and under the guidance of a professional if needed. Referring Bryce for a speech and language evaluation may be premature at this point, as some children may experience a language "spurt" closer to 2 years of age.

Quiz 3: Cognitive Development in the Early