Question 1

According to Baddeley,which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive,visual sketchpad,and auditory recorder?
A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)long-term memory
D)procedural memory

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's model of memory is known as working memory, which is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: the central executive, the visual sketchpad, and the auditory recorder. Therefore, the correct answer is B, working memory.

Question 2

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?
A)Thorndike
B)Atkinson
C)Sperling
D)Broadbent

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theorist is associated with the idea...

Question 3

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ______________.
A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)automatic encoding
D)selective attention

Accepted Answer

Information from sensory memory moves to short-term memory through selective attention, which involves filtering out irrelevant information and focusing on what is important. Elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal are processes used to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and automatic encoding involves the automatic processing of certain types of information into long-term memory without conscious effort.

Question 4

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?
A)eleven
B)nine
C)seven
D)five

Accepted Answer

Miller found that the capacity of short-term memory is around seven items, plus or minus two. Therefore, the correct answer is C, seven.

Question 5

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?
A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)distributed memory
D)procedural memory

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that allows individuals to retain auditory information for short periods, enabling the processing necessary for understanding and responding in conversations.

Question 6

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?
A)It is where photographic memories are kept.
B)It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C)It increases depth of processing.
D)It is useful when a person wants to have meaningful conversations with other people.

Accepted Answer

Iconic storage helps in maintaining visual stability by holding visual information briefly, which allows the brain to process the visual scene smoothly despite the rapid eye movements known as saccades.

Question 7

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of _________.
A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on one particular stimulus while filtering out other irrelevant stimuli. In this scenario, the individual is able to selectively attend to their friend's conversation while ignoring the other conversations in the noisy restaurant.

Question 8

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.
A)5,plus or minus 4
B)7,plus or minus 2
C)9,plus or minus 3
D)11,plus or minus 1

Accepted Answer

George Miller's estimation of the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory is commonly known as the "magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)." This implies that individuals have the ability to retain 5-9 pieces of information in their short-term memory.

Question 9

Short-term memory is probably coded in ___________ form.
A)auditory
B)visual
C)semantic
D)physical

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is most likely coded in auditory form, as studies have shown that people tend to remember things better when they hear them rather than when they see them or when they are presented in a semantic or physical form. This phenomenon is also known as the "phonological loop" and suggests that our working memory can hold verbal information for brief periods and that this information is represented acoustically in our brain.

Question 10

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of ___________.
A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the cognitive process of focusing on particular stimuli while ignoring others. In this scenario, Bethany is trying to focus on the conversation across the room to hear if her name was mentioned, demonstrating her use of selective attention.

Question 11

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?
A)a table
B)a modem
C)a rainbow
D)a photograph

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery is often referred to as "photographic memory" because it involves the ability to vividly recall visual images in great detail, much like looking at a photograph.

Question 12

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of __________.
A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rote rehearsal
D)cueing

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units, which allows us to remember more information in short-term memory. Categorizing and cueing may also help with memory, but they do not specifically address the process of combining information into meaningful units. Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over, but it does not involve organizing information into larger units.

Question 13

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he cannot remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ________.
A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7,plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory

Accepted Answer

George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2, refers to the capacity of short-term memory, which suggests that people can hold about 5 to 9 items in their short-term memory at a time. Jamal's difficulty in remembering the credit card number is likely due to this limitation.

Question 14

The duration of iconic memory is _________ than echoic memory,but iconic's capacity is probably _________.
A)shorter; larger
B)longer; larger
C)longer; about the same
D)shorter; about the same

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory has a shorter duration of only a few hundred milliseconds, but its capacity is larger than echoic memory. Iconic memory can store a large amount of visual information, whereas echoic memory can only store a small amount of auditory information for a short period of time.

Question 15

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.
A)Broadbent's process of selective memory
B)the phi phenomenon
C)the cocktail party phenomenon
D)cue-controlled inhibition

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the cocktail party phenomenon, where we filter out most of the incoming sensory information but can still attend to stimuli that are personally relevant or important to us, such as our name being spoken. Broadbent's process of selective memory refers to our ability to selectively process and encode certain information from our environment, while the phi phenomenon refers to the illusion of movement created by rapidly flashing lights. Cue-controlled inhibition is a mechanism that helps to suppress irrelevant information. None of these concepts fully capture the described scenario.

Question 16

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ___________.
A)iconic sensory memory
B)echoic sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)tactile sensory memory

Accepted Answer

Echoic sensory memory is responsible for auditory information processing and retention. When Jacques asked Suzy if she wants to go to the movies, her echoic sensory memory allowed her to temporarily hold and process the sound of his voice to understand his question.

Question 17

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is ____________.
A)during deep sleep,and it is still functioning even then
B)during dreams,as dreams block attention
C)when your short-term memory contains more than nine items
D)when you are storing items in eidetic memory

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is not at its peak during deep sleep, although it still functions to some extent, unlike during dreams or when dealing with memory tasks.

Question 18

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of __________.
A)chunking
B)decoding
C)rote rehearsal
D)data compression

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of grouping information into smaller, more manageable units, which allows more information to be stored in short-term memory. This is a commonly used mnemonic strategy, such as remembering a phone number as three sets of numbers rather than a long string. Decoding refers to the process of interpreting or deciphering information, rote rehearsal is the repetitive process of memorizing information through repetition, and data compression refers to the process of reducing the size of digital data.

Question 19

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?
A)He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B)He had a photographic memory,which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C)He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and,thus,he could adjust dosages.
D)In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter,he created drawings that helped him remember.

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, is a rare ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in great detail after just a brief exposure. This ability would have helped Freud remember the material he needed to learn in medical school.

Question 20

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that ___________.
A)you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
B)eidetic images fade in .25 second as Sperling has shown
C)you may be able to recall the material but you do not necessarily understand it
D)it only helps you remember things from other cultures

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery only helps with recall, but does not necessarily guarantee understanding of the material.

Quiz 5: Memory

According to Baddeley,which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive,visual sketchpad,and auditory recorder?

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ______________.

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of _________.

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

Short-term memory is probably coded in ___________ form.

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of ___________.

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of __________.

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he cannot remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ________.

The duration of iconic memory is _ than echoic memory,but iconic's capacity is probably _.

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ___________.

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is ____________.

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of __________.

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that ___________.