Question 1

Trying to get by on less sleep is a relatively effective strategy to curb a person's appetite and eat less.

Accepted Answer

Lack of sleep can actually increase appetite and cravings, making it harder to eat less or maintain a healthy diet.

Question 2

According to research described in the Critical Thinking box, "Has Evolution Programmed Us to Overeat?" people in food-rich societies eat because they are motivated by the positive incentive value of highly palatable foods.

Accepted Answer

The research described in the Critical Thinking box suggests that people in food-rich societies overeat because they are motivated by the positive incentive value of highly palatable foods. This indicates that the statement is true.

Question 3

According to research described in the Critical Thinking box, "Has Evolution Programmed Us to Overeat?" people in food-rich societies overeat because eating is a ritualized behavior that helps individuals communicate hierarchies.

Accepted Answer

The research described in the Critical Thinking box suggests that people overeat in food-rich societies because evolution has programmed them to crave high-calorie foods as a survival mechanism, not because of ritualized behavior or communication of hierarchies.

Question 4

Studies have shown that reducing the amount a person sleeps has no effect on blood levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin.

Accepted Answer

Studies have actually shown that sleep deprivation can lead to an increase in ghrelin levels (the hormone that stimulates appetite) and a decrease in leptin levels (the hormone that signals fullness). So, reducing the amount a person sleeps has an effect on blood levels of these hormones.

Question 5

Research has overwhelmingly confirmed that Maslow's hierarchy of needs provides the most accurate depiction of human motivation developed thus far.

Accepted Answer

While Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been influential in understanding human motivation, it has also been criticized for its emphasis on individualistic and Western values, lack of empirical evidence, and oversimplification of complex human behavior. Other theories and perspectives on motivation have been suggested and researched, such as self-determination theory, achievement goal theory, and social-cognitive theory.

Question 6

Research has shown that people who sleep about 5 to 6 hours per night have much lower levels of the hormone ghrelin, decreasing their desire to eat.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people who sleep less, such as 5 to 6 hours per night, tend to have higher levels of ghrelin, the hormone that stimulates appetite, which can increase their desire to eat.

Question 7

The hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs was developed by Abraham Maslow.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs theory, which proposes that individuals are motivated to satisfy basic physiological needs before progressing to higher-level psychological and self-fulfillment needs.

Question 8

According to Maslow, basic physiological and safety needs must be met before one strives to satisfy psychological needs.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, humans have five basic needs that must be met in order from basic to higher level needs. The first two are physiological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.) and safety needs (security, stability, protection, etc.). Once these basic needs are satisfied, one can then strive to satisfy psychological needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 9

Intrinsic motivation is the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of intrinsic motivation, which means that the person is motivated by internal factors rather than external rewards or pressures.

Question 10

Research has shown that most people eventually achieve self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. While some people may achieve self-actualization, not everyone does. It is a process that requires personal growth and fulfillment, and some individuals may struggle to reach this level of development.

Question 11

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. According to Maslow's theory of motivation, Jim is satisfying the need for self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's theory of motivation states that self-actualization is the highest level of human needs and involves realizing one's full potential and achieving personal growth. Jim's desire to reach his highest personal potential in swimming aligns with this concept.

Question 12

Self-actualization is defined by Maslow as the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of self-actualization according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 13

According to the evolutionary perspective, many wild animals overeat when food is available because this reduces food available to other animals, which then die, reducing competition.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. While some animals in the wild do overeat when food is available, it is not for the purpose of reducing competition or killing off other animals. Overeating may help wild animals store fat to survive times when food is scarce or prepare for hibernation, migration, or reproduction.

Question 14

Extrinsic motivation consists of external influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities.

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivation involves external factors that influence behavior, such as rewards or social evaluations. In contrast, intrinsic motivation comes from within oneself and is the desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, without external rewards or pressures.

Question 15

Maslow's most important contribution to psychology was to energize the discipline to focus on the motivations and development of psychologically healthy people.

Accepted Answer

Maslow is known for his theory of human motivation and the hierarchy of needs, which emphasized the importance of fulfilling basic physiological and safety needs before higher needs such as self-actualization. Maslow's work encouraged psychologists to focus on the positive aspects of human behavior and development, and to study how individuals can reach their fullest potential.

Question 16

The term weight cycling refers to the use of exercise, such as working out on a stationary bicycle, to maintain weight loss.

Accepted Answer

Weight cycling refers to the repeated cycle of weight loss and then weight regain, often due to fad diets or other unsustainable methods. Exercise, while important for weight management, is not specifically related to weight cycling.

Question 17

On average, women have a metabolic rate that is three to five percent lower than men.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Women generally have a lower metabolic rate than men due to differences in body composition, hormonal differences, and other physiological factors. However, it is important to note that individual variations in metabolic rate exist regardless of gender.

Question 18

Multiple studies have shown that people who sleep about 5 to 6 hours per night are much less likely to be overweight or obese.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Multiple studies have actually shown that getting less than seven hours of sleep per night is associated with weight gain and an increased risk of obesity. Adequate sleep is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and overall health.

Question 19

The cafeteria diet effect is the well-documented tendency for college students to lose weight if they eat in the campus or dormitory cafeteria.

Accepted Answer

The statement is false. The cafeteria diet effect is actually the opposite - college students are more likely to gain weight when they eat in the cafeteria due to the abundance of unhealthy food options and the lack of control over portion sizes.

Question 20

Dopamine brain pathways are involved in the reinforcing feelings of pleasure and satisfaction.

Accepted Answer

Dopamine plays a key role in the brain's reward system and is released in response to pleasurable experiences, reinforcing the behavior that led to that experience. This involvement in the reinforcing feelings of pleasure and satisfaction is why dopamine is often referred to as the "feel good" neurotransmitter.

Quiz 8: Section 3: Motivation and Emotion