Question 1

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, refers to memories that can be consciously recalled and verbalized, such as facts or events. Implicit memory, or nondeclarative memory, refers to memories that are not consciously aware of, such as motor skills or habits. Therefore, the best choice is D, declarative memory for explicit memory, and nondeclarative memory for implicit memory.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal, which involves repetitively reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory, is not considered an effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves associating new information with existing knowledge, is more effective for long-term memory encoding.

Question 3

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

Accepted Answer

The capacity of long-term memory seems to be limitless, meaning there is no known capacity limit to the amount of information that can be stored in long-term memory. Option A is incorrect because maintenance rehearsal is related to the duration of retention in working memory, not long-term memory. Option C is incorrect because this refers to the capacity of working memory, not long-term memory. Option D is incorrect as well, as it is a smaller capacity than what has been observed.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memories are a type of long-term memory that cannot be consciously recalled but still impact behavior, knowledge, or performance on tasks. Long-term memory is not a unified system, but rather has different subsystems, including implicit and explicit memory. Echoic and iconic memory are not subsystems of long-term memory, but rather are part of sensory memory. Episodic and semantic information are types of information reflected in explicit memory processes, not implicit.

Question 5

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory, as it involves the conscious recollection and retrieval of information that can be easily declared or verbalized. This type of memory involves the hippocampus and other cortical regions of the brain and can be further divided into semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal experiences and events). Nondeclarative memory, on the other hand, is implicit and involves skills, habits, and other forms of knowledge that are not easily verbalized, such as procedural memory (motor skills and habits) and classical conditioning. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory, which involves the brief storage of visual information.

Question 6

Researchers found that for Chinese and Taiwanese respondents, early autobiographical memories tended to focus on:

Accepted Answer

Chinese and Taiwanese cultures emphasize collectivism, so early memories often focus on routine activities done with others, reflecting social interactions and relationships.

Question 7

To help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in Pavlov's laboratory, and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was using _____ to help encode the information into long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Visual imagery is the mental process of creating or recreating visual images in the mind. Joshua's use of visual imagery to imagine himself as Pavlov's subject helps encode the information of Pavlov's conditioning into his long-term memory. The other options do not accurately describe the cognitive process used by Joshua to encode the information. The encoding specificity principle refers to the idea that memory retrieval is more successful when the context at encoding matches the context at retrieval. State-dependent retrieval refers to the phenomenon where memory retrieval is more successful when the person's internal mental state at encoding matches their internal mental state at retrieval. Maintenance rehearsal refers to the process of repeatedly rehearsing information to maintain it in working memory.

Question 8

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform different skills and actions, while semantic memory is the memory of facts, concepts, and ideas. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Option A is incorrect because while semantic memory is the memory of facts, concepts, and ideas, it is not related to skills and actions. Option B is incorrect because episodic memory refers to memory of personal experiences, not skills or concepts. Option D is incorrect because episodic memory is not related to skills and actions, and procedural memory is the memory of skills and actions, not personal experiences.

Question 9

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or personal experiences.

Question 10

Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college students tended to reflect a relatively _____ relationship of the self to society.

Accepted Answer

The characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college students tended to reflect a relatively individualistic relationship of the self to society, emphasizing personal achievements or experiences rather than collective ones.

Question 11

Implicit memory is:

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is a type of long-term memory that cannot be consciously recollected, such as motor skills or habits.

Question 12

Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by a highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Conner's memory of being mistakenly pulled over and briefly arrested for armed robbery is an event that occurred earlier in the day, indicating that the memory has been consolidated and stored in his long-term memory.

Question 13

Explicit memory:

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory can be defined as memory with awareness, meaning it involves conscious effort and awareness of the process of remembering. This type of memory includes facts, events, and experiences that can be consciously retrieved and verbalized.

Question 14

As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, refers to the conscious and intentional recollection of information. This includes facts, events, and personal experiences that can be verbally communicated. The act of retrieving information on this exam is an example of conscious recollection and therefore falls under the category of explicit memory.

Question 15

When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, "It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Mohammed's response reflects semantic memory, which is a long-term memory system for storing general knowledge and facts about the world, including definitions of concepts like dependent variables.

Question 16

Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia reflects which type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is the type of long-term memory that involves the knowledge of facts, concepts, and information about the world such as words, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia. It is a form of declarative memory, which means it can be consciously recalled and verbally expressed.

Question 17

Researchers hypothesized that cultural differences in the characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories might be related to cultural differences in:

Accepted Answer

The sense of self is a crucial determinant in the formation and retrieval of autobiographical memories. Culture shapes how individuals understand themselves and their relations with others, which can influence the characteristics of their earliest autobiographical memories.

Question 18

Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is also known as nondeclarative memory or procedural memory, which refers to the type of memory that is not easily conscious-accessible, such as motor skills or habits. On the other hand, explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves conscious awareness and recall of information, such as episodic and semantic memories. Therefore, option A correctly pairs procedural information with implicit memory and episodic and semantic information with explicit memory.

Question 19

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is the type of long-term memory responsible for storing information about how to perform different procedures and skills, such as riding a bike or folding a paper airplane.

Question 20

Which of the following are thought to be subsystems of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory (facts and experiences) and implicit memory (skills and habits) are both thought to be subsystems of long-term memory, while the other options refer to different types of memory or memory processes.

Quiz 6: Section 2: Memory

Explicit memory is to _ as implicit memory is to _.