Question 1

All oranges are fruits.All fruits grow on trees.Therefore all oranges grow on trees.This is an example of ___________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of deductive reasoning because it starts with a general statement (all oranges are fruits) and applies a specific premise (all fruits grow on trees) to arrive at a conclusion (therefore all oranges grow on trees).

Question 2

Critics of Piaget's theory say that he did not give enough attention to_____________.

Accepted Answer

Critics argue that Piaget's theory did not sufficiently address the impact of cultural and educational experiences on cognitive development. They suggest that his focus on the internal processes of the individual underestimated the importance of social, historical, and cultural context in shaping cognitive development.

Question 3

All cats that you have observed purr.Therefore,every cat must purr.This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of inductive reasoning, where a conclusion is drawn based on a limited set of observations or evidence. In this case, the observation is that all the cats observed by the person have purred, and they have concluded that all cats must purr. However, this conclusion may not be true for all cats, as there may be exceptions or cats with medical issues that prevent them from purring.

Question 4

Vygotsky regarded _____________ as central to cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vygotsky regarded _____________ as central to cognitive...

Question 5

David asks his professor to explain a programming language.The professor responds with a story of his life experiences in becoming a computer programmer.According to Vygotsky,David and the professor ____________.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of intersubjectivity, which refers to the shared understanding and communication between individuals. In this scenario, the professor's story may not align with David's intention of understanding the programming language. It implies that David and the professor might lack intersubjectivity.

Question 6

Adolescents are more likely to use _________reasoning,and middle schoolers usually use ___________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are more likely to use deductive reasoning, which involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles. Middle schoolers, on the other hand, typically use inductive reasoning, which involves making generalizations based on specific observations.

Question 7

If I hit my thumb with a hammer,I will immediately scream in pain.This is an example of _____________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of conditional reasoning, as the action of hitting the thumb with a hammer is the condition that leads to the logical outcome of screaming in pain. The other options (logical necessity, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and concrete thinking) do not accurately describe this situation.

Question 8

To assess an adolescent's hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities,Piaget used the _____________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget used the balance scale task to assess an adolescent's hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities. This task involves presenting adolescents with a balance scale and several weights, and then asking them to determine what weight(s) would need to be added or subtracted in order to achieve balance. The task requires the adolescent to formulate and test hypotheses, leading to the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities. The other options listed are tasks used to assess conservation abilities, which are not directly related to Piaget's theory of hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Question 9

When a tutor asks his tutee a question such as "what do you think would happen if...",then the tutor has asked a ___________ question.

Accepted Answer

The word "probing" suggests that the tutor is trying to dig deeper into the tutee's understanding and encourage critical thinking and discussion. A "review" question would be more focused on testing the tutee's recall of previously covered material, while "hinting" is not a type of question at all.

Question 10

If a teen is faced with a logical necessity problem where the basic premise is false,then he or she will ____________.

Accepted Answer

Teens and adults are generally capable of understanding that a logical argument can be valid even if its premises are false. They can suspend their disbelief to follow the logic of the reasoning, focusing on the structure of the argument rather than the truth of its premises. This ability is part of abstract thinking, allowing individuals to consider hypothetical situations and reason through them logically.

Question 11

What an individual can perform with the assistance of another today,she can perform alone in the future.According to Vygotsky,this is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the statement is known as the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD), which is a key element of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development. The ZPD refers to the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the guidance or support of a more experienced other. As learners develop and acquire new skills and knowledge, what was once in their ZPD becomes something they can do alone, without assistance. A is incorrect because "inner speech" refers to the use of language to regulate one's own thinking and behavior, which is related to but not the same as the ZPD. B is incorrect because "mediated learning" refers to the process of scaffolding or providing support to learners through dialogue or other forms of interaction. D is incorrect because "formal thinking" is a term used in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not Vygotsky's.

Question 12

John is on his high school debate team.To do well,he has to understand his own position and know his opponent's position well enough to expose the weaknesses in it.John has _____________.

Accepted Answer

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves forming hypotheses and deducing their implications, which is essential for understanding and critiquing different positions in a debate.

Quiz 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence