According to Harvard economists Richard Freeman and James Medoff, the effect of unions is to:

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According to Freeman and Medoff, unions increase wages and benefits for their members, which can lead to increased productivity and output in the union sector. However, these higher costs can also lead to decreased output and competitiveness in the nonunion sector, as firms may seek to cut costs by reducing investment or shifting production elsewhere. Therefore, overall, the effect of unions is to increase output in the union sector and decrease output in the nonunion sector.

According to Harvard Economists Richard Freeman and James Medoff, the Effect