Question 1

What is "triple bookkeeping" in Erikson's theory?

Accepted Answer

Triple bookkeeping in Erikson's theory refers to comprehending a person's life on three levels - the physiological, psychic, and sociocultural levels. It involves looking at a person's physical capabilities, their emotional and mental development, and how they interact with the society around them.

Question 2

In Loevinger's theory of development, the ego of late childhood and early adolescence may best be described as

Accepted Answer

Loevinger's theory proposes that the ego of late childhood and early adolescence falls under the "Self-Protective" stage, which is characterized by a conformist mindset. This means that an individual at this stage tries to avoid conflict and conform to the expectations of others. They tend to follow rules and conform to societal norms, seeking approval and acceptance from others. This stage is considered a crucial step in the development of a healthy ego.

Question 3

Erikson views childhood events as

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

In studies of self-recognition, an infant is placed in front of a mirror after a parent has secretly applied lipstick or some other mark to the infant's nose. Infants younger than 15 months of age are likely to respond by

Accepted Answer

The answer of In studies of self-recognition, an infant is...

Question 5

According to object relations theorists like Margaret Mahler, the fundamental drive or motive of human behavior and experience is a drive toward

Accepted Answer

Object relations theorists like Margaret Mahler propose that the fundamental drive of human behavior is a drive toward interpersonal relatedness. This drive is present from birth and is influenced by early experiences with caregivers, particularly the mother-child relationship. Mahler believed that the child's separation and individuation process from the mother is essential for the development of a healthy sense of self and the ability to form healthy relationships with others. Therefore, interpersonal relatedness rather than sexual expression, aggressive destruction or overcoming inferiority is the fundamental drive according to object relations theory.

Question 6

Research suggests that personal goals developed in middle adulthood years tend to focus on

Accepted Answer

Generativity is a key developmental task in middle adulthood, and personal goals often reflect this focus on leaving a legacy and making a contribution to society.

Question 7

In Loevinger's scheme of ego development, the modal most common) stage among American adults is

Accepted Answer

Loevinger's scheme of ego development identifies the Conscientious/Conformist stage as the most common among American adults, reflecting a blend of conformity to social norms with emerging personal standards and self-evaluated criteria for judgment.

Question 8

When the individual comes to understand that he or she cannot live up to all of the standards of the self-defining group, he or she is ready to make the transition into which of the following stages of ego development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the individual comes to understand that...

Question 9

Ego development is positively associated with which of the following personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Ego development is positively associated with openness to experience, as individuals with higher levels of ego development tend to be more reflective and willing to consider multiple perspectives on a given issue. Extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are not directly related to ego development.

Question 10

Josselson's longitudinal studies of women suggest that those who as college students ignored the challenges of identity formation tended in midlife to

Accepted Answer

Josselson's longitudinal studies of women suggest that those who as college students ignored the challenges of identity formation tended in midlife to have a large number of regrets.

Question 11

In Loevinger's theory of development, the ego of early and middle childhood may best be described as

Accepted Answer

Loevinger's theory of ego development suggests that in early and middle childhood, the ego is at an "Impulsive" stage, characterized by a focus on bodily feelings, basic impulses, and immediate needs.

Question 12

Each of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is a product of the

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development emphasize the importance of the individual’s social and cultural environment in shaping their psychological development. Each stage involves a negotiation between the individual and their environment, particularly with regards to the social norms and expectations of the society in which they live. Therefore, the best answer is B - negotiation between person and society.

Question 13

In Erikson's analysis of the identity struggles of Martin Luther, Luther's "fit in the choir" represents his

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, Luther's struggle to find his identity is reflected in his "fit in the choir" episode. It represents his despair and frustration over his inability to establish a unified sense of self. He felt disconnected from his father's expectations and conflicted about his religious beliefs, which led to a crisis of identity. This episode ultimately paved the way for his spiritual journey and his emergence as a leader of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 14

Psychological disorders for people high in ego development tend to take the form of

Accepted Answer

People high in ego development tend to have a strong sense of self and stable personality traits which makes them less prone to externalizing disorders like sociopathy or psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. However, they may still be susceptible to internalizing disorders like depression or anxiety. Additionally, neurotic disorders like hysteria are no longer recognized as distinct clinical disorders in modern diagnostic systems like the DSM-5.

Question 15

Concerning Loevinger's stages of ego development, all of the following are true except

Accepted Answer

Loevinger does not propose that individuals become more committed to society's goals as they progress through the stages of ego development. In fact, some of the higher stages involve a greater emphasis on personal autonomy and individualization, rather than conformity to societal norms.

Question 16

Which of the following is not true concerning Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory suggests that each stage builds upon the outcomes of the previous stages, but it does not strictly require the successful resolution of one stage to progress to the next. Development is seen as more fluid, with the potential for issues to be revisited and resolved at different points in the lifespan.

Question 17

According to Kohut's developmental view, a healthy mirroring relationship provides the child with a sense of

Accepted Answer

Kohut's theory emphasizes that a healthy mirroring relationship between a child and their caregiver is crucial for the development of a sense of strength and self-worth. This process involves the caregiver reflecting the child's experiences and emotions in a supportive manner, helping the child to internalize a sense of competence and value.

Question 18

The relation between ego development and intelligence is

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that there is a modest positive correlation between ego development and intelligence. However, it should be noted that some individuals with high levels of intelligence may not necessarily have high levels of ego development, as there are other factors that contribute to ego development such as life experiences and relationships.

Question 19

Loevinger's stages of ego development are measured via

Accepted Answer

Loevinger's stages of ego development are primarily measured using a sentence-completion test, which assesses ego development by analyzing responses to open-ended sentence stems.

Question 20

In terms of the developmental order of emergence, the first psychosocial issue in the human life cycle is

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during the first year of life. This stage is focused on the development of a trusting relationship between the infant and their caregiver.

Quiz 9: Developmental Stages and Tasks