Question 1

Memory is

Accepted Answer

Memory is a complex process that involves acquiring and recalling information. It is not a single aspect within cognition, but rather an intricate process that involves multiple stages. Additionally, perception and attention play crucial roles in encoding memories, meaning that memory is not unaffected by these factors. While memory is an important component of learning, it is not necessarily the foundation for all learning.

Question 2

Cognitive style

Accepted Answer

Cognitive style includes the approach and strategies individuals use when approaching tasks, and can include factors such as tempo or speed of completing tasks. It is not solely determined by genetics or parenting practices, and is distinct from metacognition, which refers to higher-order thinking about one's own thought processes.

Question 3

Based on research, the strategy that has been highly recommended to teach students with learning disabilities to decode has mainly been

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently supported the use of explicit, systematic and structured instruction in phonics skills and rules to teach students with learning disabilities to decode. This approach has been found to be more effective than whole-language or language-experience approaches. Perceptual training may be helpful for some students, but it is not considered an effective standalone strategy for teaching decoding skills.

Question 4

Responsiveness to intervention refers to

Accepted Answer

Responsiveness to intervention refers to a student's performance after receiving research-based interventions in the general education classroom. It is used to determine if a student requires special education services. Options A, B, and C are not correct because they do not fully capture the concept of responsiveness to intervention.

Question 5

Word analysis skills typically include

Accepted Answer

Phonic analysis is a word analysis skill that involves associating sounds with letters, which is essential for reading and decoding words.

Question 6

The definition of learning disabilities is controversial due to problems with

Accepted Answer

One of the main controversies surrounding the definition of learning disabilities is the potential for over-identification of students with the label. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including inconsistent diagnostic criteria and pressure on schools to identify students who may not truly have a learning disability. While under-identification can also be a concern, over-identification is seen as a more significant issue in many cases.

Question 7

Which of the following is a strategy that facilitates memory efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Connecting new information to previous knowledge is known as elaboration, and it helps make new information more meaningful and easier to remember. Keeping information in large segments can actually make it harder to remember, and trying harder to remember without using effective strategies may not be helpful. Believing you can remember something is important for motivation but does not facilitate memory efficiency on its own.

Question 8

Students with learning disabilities tend to be described as

Accepted Answer

Students with learning disabilities tend to struggle with impulsiveness, which can lead to difficulties with attention and behavior regulation. This is a common characteristic of learning disabilities and can impact academic and social success.

Question 9

The federal definition of learning disabilities no longer requires which of the following to be considered when identifying students who may have this condition?

Accepted Answer

The federal definition of learning disabilities has moved away from requiring an achievement/ability discrepancy as a criterion for identification. This change reflects a shift towards response to intervention (RTI) and other methods for identifying learning disabilities, rather than relying on a discrepancy between a student's expected and actual achievement levels.

Question 10

According to the current federal definition, which statement about specific learning disabilities is correct?

Accepted Answer

According to the current federal definition (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2004), a specific learning disability is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken or written language. It may manifest in significant difficulties with listening, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or mathematics. Therefore, option A is the correct statement about specific learning disabilities. Option B is incorrect because affective disabilities are not considered part of specific learning disabilities, although individuals with learning disabilities may experience emotional or behavioral difficulties. Option C is incorrect because specific learning disabilities do not discriminate based on intellectual ability, and individuals of any intelligence level can be affected. Option D is also incorrect because specific learning disabilities are determined through cognitive and academic assessments, not adaptive behavior measures.

Question 11

Which of the following areas is NOT identified in the IDEA definition of a learning disability?

Accepted Answer

Spelling is not specifically identified in the IDEA definition of a learning disability. The areas that are identified are: oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skills, reading fluency skills, reading comprehension, mathematics calculation, and mathematics reasoning.

Question 12

Which statement about distractible students is correct?

Accepted Answer

Distractible students are often diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD). This is because they have difficulty focusing their attention and are easily distracted, which are hallmarks of ADD. However, not all distractible students have ADD and there may be other underlying reasons for their distractibility.

Option B is incorrect because distractible students can also have trouble focusing their attention outside of school.

Option C is not always true as well, as some distractible students may have normal memory capacity.

Option D is also incorrect because distractible students tend to have difficulty following directions and can exhibit disruptive behavior.

Question 13

Metacognition

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the ability to think about one's own thinking. This includes the skills of monitoring and evaluating one's own performance, as well as being aware of one's own thought processes and strategies. It is not another name for memory, does involve decision-making processes, and is relevant to a wide range of learning situations.

Question 14

The ability to organize and interpret what we experience through our senses is defined as

Accepted Answer

Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret sensory information. It involves the integration of sensory input with prior knowledge and expectations to form a meaningful perception of our environment.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT essential to the reading process?

Accepted Answer

Enjoying the reading process is not essential to the reading process itself, although it can certainly enhance and encourage it. The other options (analyzing words, comprehending what one reads, and metacognition) are all crucial components of effective reading.

Question 16

Which of the following presumed causes of learning disabilities is considered an external or environmental factor?

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate materials, methods, or curriculum are external or environmental factors that can lead to learning disabilities. Low birthweight and genetic factors are internal factors, while inability to synthesize vitamins is a medical factor.

Question 17

The birth histories of many children who are later diagnosed with learning disabilities is characterized by

Accepted Answer

Perinatal stress, such as complications during labor and delivery, has been linked to an increased risk of learning disabilities in children. Maternal drug abuse and infections can also be risk factors, but they are not always present in the birth histories of children with learning disabilities. Natural childbirth is not considered a risk factor for learning disabilities.

Question 18

A technique that many teachers have taught their students to promote metacognition is

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring is the best choice among the given options as it involves students regularly checking in on their own learning progress and thinking processes, which promotes metacognition. Basic arithmetic skills and reading decoding are important foundational skills, but they do not necessarily promote metacognition. Behavioral analysis may be useful in certain contexts, but it is not a widely used technique for promoting metacognition.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of a metacognitive strategy?

Accepted Answer

Handing in your quiz before the testing period ends is not an example of a metacognitive strategy. Metacognitive strategies involve reflecting on and monitoring one's own thinking process to improve learning outcomes. Handing in a quiz early does not necessarily involve any metacognitive reflection or monitoring. The other options all involve metacognitive strategies in different ways.

Question 20

Students with learning disabilities who are poor readers have been shown to

Accepted Answer

Poor readers with learning disabilities tend to rely heavily on context clues to decode words, as they may struggle with phonetic decoding strategies. This is supported by research on effective reading interventions for this population, which often include instruction in using context to infer word meanings. Options B and C are not accurate for this population, as they may struggle with both decoding and comprehension, and may not see much benefit from sight-word training alone. Option D is incorrect, as this question focuses specifically on reading disabilities, not math reasoning.

Quiz 5: Children With Learning Disabilities