Question 1

Before entering college,Grant was very stringent in his beliefs.Many of life's issues were clear-cut and could be explained with one definitive answer.However,throughout the years,Grant has noticed that he is better able to see other perspectives and find many sides to one argument.He is now at a place where he can recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view and compare their merits.Which of the following postformal operational terms best describes Grant's cognitive perspective?

Accepted Answer

Grant's ability to see other perspectives and recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view aligns with the postformal operational concept of relativism, which involves understanding that there can be multiple valid perspectives on any given issue. Dualistic thinking (A) is characterized by a belief in clear-cut, black-and-white answers, while multiple thinking (B) implies an ability to consider multiple perspectives but may not necessarily involve recognizing the merits of conflicting views. Commitment (C) relates to the willingness to make and stand by personal choices and decisions.

Question 2

Currently,what can be stated regarding the obtainment of post-secondary education?

Accepted Answer

Post-secondary education has become a normative experience for many individuals, with increasing numbers of people pursuing higher education after completing high school. It is no longer limited to the elite or privileged, and is a common pathway for individuals seeking to advance their careers and increase their earning potential. It is also not exclusive to male individuals, as there is a growing number of women pursuing post-secondary education. While trade schools are a valuable option for some individuals, post-secondary education encompasses a broad range of programs and fields of study beyond just trade schools.

Question 3

What type of thinking involves the understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue and comparing the merits of competing views?

Accepted Answer

Relativism involves recognizing that there are multiple legitimate viewpoints for each issue and comparing the merits of competing views. Dualistic thinking involves seeing issues as either right or wrong, while multiple thinking involves acknowledging that there may be more than two viewpoints but not necessarily comparing them. Committed thinking involves being strongly attached to one particular viewpoint.

Question 4

What type of education or training program takes place beyond secondary school?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary education is education or training after secondary school, which includes vocational schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. Primary education is the first level of education, typically for children ages 5-11. Quaternary education refers to advanced research-based education, such as doctoral programs. Technical education focuses on teaching students practical skills and knowledge for particular jobs or trades.

Question 5

One hundred years ago,____ of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialized country.

Accepted Answer

A century ago, tertiary education was considered a luxury and was only available to a small elite group of wealthy individuals. Therefore, less than 10% of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialized country.

Question 6

According to Perry,multiple thinking develops into relativism by the ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Perry,multiple thinking develops into relativism...

Question 7

____ is an awareness that there are two or more sides to every story,two or more legitimate views of every issue,and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the only true or accurate one.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is multiple thinking, which involves recognizing and considering various perspectives and viewpoints on a given issue or situation. Dualistic thinking, on the other hand, tends to view things as black or white, good or bad, with no room for nuance or complexity. Hypothesis testing and deductive reasoning are related to the scientific method and logical reasoning, but are not directly relevant to the idea of considering multiple perspectives.

Question 8

According to Perry,reflective judgment begins to develop for most people ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Perry,reflective judgment begins to develop...

Question 9

One hundred years ago,approximately what percentage of individuals in developed countries obtained post-secondary education?

Accepted Answer

Post-secondary education was not widely available or accessible at that time, and it was mainly reserved for the elite classes who could afford it. Thus, only a small percentage of individuals in developed countries obtained post-secondary education a hundred years ago.

Question 10

The gains in reflective judgment that take place in emerging adulthood appear to be due more to ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The gains in reflective judgment that take...

Question 11

What type of thinking involves seeing situations and issues in polarized terms (e.g.,an act is either right or wrong)?

Accepted Answer

Dualistic thinking involves seeing situations and issues in polarized terms, such as identifying an act as either right or wrong, good or bad, with little or no acknowledgement of nuance or complexity.

Question 12

Tertiary education is best described as any kind of ____.

Accepted Answer

Tertiary education refers to any form of education beyond secondary school, such as vocational schools, colleges, and universities. Option A may be confused with secondary education, while option C may be too specific and exclude certain fields of study. Option D is incorrect as tertiary education is not mandatory for all citizens of a nation.

Question 13

By the end of their college years,many young people reach a stage in which they adhere to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid,while being open to re-evaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them.What stage is this?

Accepted Answer

This stage is called commitment, where individuals have formed their own set of beliefs and values but are also open to new evidence and ideas. This is the final stage in Perry's cognitive and ethical development theory. Dualistic thinking is characterized by viewing the world in black and white terms, while multiple thinking involves considering multiple perspectives but not committing to any particular belief system. Relativism is the stage of recognizing the existence of multiple perspectives and the relativity of truth, but not necessarily forming a personal set of beliefs or values.

Question 14

According to Arnett (2015),there were more ____ obtaining tertiary education.

Accepted Answer

Arnett (2015) states that in recent years, there have been more young women obtaining tertiary education than young men.

Question 15

____ is a cognitive perspective in which solutions are either right or wrong with no in-between,whereas ____ is a cognitive perspective that allows for two or more sides to every story and two or more legitimate views to every issue.

Accepted Answer

Dualistic thinking is a cognitive perspective in which solutions are either right or wrong with no in-between, while multiple thinking is a cognitive perspective that allows for two or more sides to every story and two or more legitimate views to every issue. The other options, concrete thinking and preformal thinking, refer to different developmental stages of cognitive development, and are not relevant to this question.

Question 16

What type of thinking involves understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of thinking involves understanding that...

Question 17

Which of the following would be considered tertiary education?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary education refers to education beyond high school, such as college or university. Options A and B refer to primary and secondary education, respectively. Option D refers to childcare services.

Question 18

Nellie is a teenager who would like to believe that abortion is wrong and should not be tolerated in any situation.However,she also knows that if the fetus has no chance of survival and the mother's life is in jeopardy,this may be a situation in which an abortion is justified.She does not believe that one particular stance is correct for all situations but that each situation must be evaluated independently.Which of the following best describes Nellie's cognitive pattern?

Accepted Answer

Nellie's cognitive pattern is characterized by multiple thinking, as she recognizes that there may not be a one-size-fits-all answer to the issue of abortion and instead considers each situation on its own merits. This is a more complex and nuanced approach than the black-and-white thinking of dualism, and suggests a willingness to entertain different viewpoints and possibilities. Realistic thinking focuses more on practical and concrete solutions, while hypothesis thinking involves developing and testing theories.

Question 19

Generally,colleges in the United States,Canada,and Japan begin with two years that are devoted to ____.

Accepted Answer

Generally, colleges in the United States, Canada, and Japan begin with two years that are devoted to general education classes. These classes are designed to give students a broad foundation of knowledge in multiple subjects before they focus more specifically on their majors.

Question 20

Individuals who possess relative thought ____.

Accepted Answer

Individuals who possess relative thought are able to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view, and understand that there may be multiple perspectives to consider when analyzing a situation. They are not limited to one perspective, and do not view the world in simplistic terms of right or wrong. They are also capable of abstract thought, which allows them to understand complex concepts and ideas.

Quiz 9: Emerging Adulthood