Question 1

While talking with a complete stranger she had just met in an airplane terminal,Jillian experienced an eerie sense of having had the same conversation with this same person before.Her experience best illustrates :

Accepted Answer

Jillian's experience of feeling like she had already had the same conversation with the stranger suggests that she is experiencing déjà vu, which is the feeling of already having experienced something that is entirely new. The other choices do not fit the description of Jillian's experience. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories, positive transfer refers to the improvement in learning one task due to having learned another similar task, and retroactive interference refers to the phenomenon in which new learning impairs the recall of previously learned information.

Question 2

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that:

Accepted Answer

Memory experts who are skeptical about repressed and recovered memories point out that therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis can easily lead to the creation of false memories. They do not argue that people cannot relieve distress resulting from traumatic memories, nor do they suggest that traumatic events are never encoded into memory, or that people never recall unpleasant events that they had forgotten.

Question 3

When asked misleading questions after observing an accident,eyewitnesses often reconstruct their initial memories of the event.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is the misinformation effect, where eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories of an event based on misleading information or questions presented to them afterwards. Options A, B, and C are unrelated to this phenomenon.

Question 4

By incorporating errors based on a hypnotist's leading questions,"hypnotically refreshed" memories often illustrate:

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon where memories can be modified or distorted by misleading information, such as leading questions from a hypnotist.

Question 5

The misinformation effect refers to the:

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is the incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. This can occur when a person is exposed to information after an event that biases their recollection of the event.

Question 6

Compared with young adults,children are likely to be more susceptible to:

Accepted Answer

Children are more susceptible to the misinformation effect, which is the phenomenon where exposure to misleading information can alter a person's memory of an event. This is because children are still developing their cognitive abilities and may be more easily influenced by external factors. They may also have less experience and knowledge to draw upon in order to discriminate between accurate and misleading information.

Question 7

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation is known as:

Accepted Answer

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation is known as déjà vu.

Question 8

Donald Thompson was an initial suspect in a rape case.The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked.The victim's false recollection best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia is the inability to remember the source of a memory, such as confusion about whether a piece of information came from a personal experience or a TV show or book. In this case, the victim mistakenly attributed her memory of seeing Thompson on TV to the experience of being raped, leading to a false recollection. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after a specific event, retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information, and déjà vu is the feeling that a situation has been experienced before, despite there being no conscious memory of it. None of these explanations fit the situation described in the question.

Question 9

In one study,children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger.This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of:

Accepted Answer

This experiment best illustrates the dynamics of memory construction, as the children were asked to remember a false event (going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger), which can lead to the creation of false memories. Positive transfer refers to the enhancement of learning or performance on one task due to prior learning on a related task, and sensory memory refers to the brief retention of sensory information. Repression refers to the defense mechanism of unconsciously forgetting traumatic experiences.

Question 10

When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed,she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty.Subsequently,her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the misinformation effect, which occurs when our memory of an event becomes distorted by the introduction of misleading information. In this case, Hailey's own exaggeration of the exam's difficulty influenced her memory of the exam to then believe it was as difficult as she had originally reported it.

Question 11

In one experiment,people were prompted to recall two events supposedly from their past.One was a false event that involved their committing a crime.The experiment demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

The experiment showed that people can easily construct false memories, which means that it is surprisingly easy to lead people to have false memories. Option A is incorrect because the experiment does not suggest that distant past events are less susceptible to memory distortion. Option B is incorrect because the experiment shows that people can be led to believe in false memories, which means they cannot easily distinguish true and false memories. Option C is incorrect because the experiment did not involve hypnotic suggestion, and therefore, it cannot validate the effectiveness of the technique.

Question 12

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The use of misleading questions by an attorney to alter a witness's memory of a previously observed crime is an example of the misinformation effect. This occurs when a person's memory of an event is altered by being exposed to misleading information following the event.

Question 13

The reports of children who are interviewed by officials regarding an alleged incident of sexual abuse are most likely to be unreliable if:

Accepted Answer

If children are asked about specific forms of abuse that did not happen during the incident, their reports may be unreliable as they may feel pressured to provide an answer or assume that the interviewer has information they do not. This can lead to inaccurate or invented information being reported. The other factors, such as discussing the incident beforehand or emotional stress, may actually increase the accuracy of the child's report as they may be better able to recall details if they have had a chance to talk about it or if it was a particularly memorable or traumatic event.

Question 14

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr.Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The answer of After hearing stories of things they both...

Question 15

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime,Mr.Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mr. Adams' mistaken belief that he had visited the Lincoln Monument is an example of source amnesia, which is the inability to remember where or how previously learned information was acquired. In this case, Mr. Adams may have seen so many pictures of the monument that he falsely remembered visiting it himself.

Question 16

Familiarity with an ongoing situation without any idea of where you experienced it before contributes to:

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu is the feeling of familiarity with a current situation without knowing where it was experienced before. Automatic processing refers to mental processes that occur intuitively and without conscious effort, but it is not related to familiarity with a situation. Imagination inflation occurs when our imagination influences our memory and leads us to believe that something that never actually occurred did, but it is not related to familiarity with a situation. Repression refers to the unconscious blocking of memories considered too painful or traumatic to recall, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 17

When we fall in love,we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating.This best illustrates the dynamics of:

Accepted Answer

Memory construction refers to the process through which we actively organize and shape our memories as new information is introduced. In the case of falling in love, our initial feelings of attraction and infatuation may influence how we remember our early interactions with our partner, leading us to overestimate how much we liked them at the time. This is an example of memory construction in action.

Question 18

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that:

Accepted Answer

Psychologists agree that it is possible to recover memories of long-forgotten events, both negative and positive. There is controversy, however, regarding the reliability and accuracy of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse and whether or not they have been influenced by suggestion or other factors.

Question 19

Therapists who have used memory recovery techniques such as "guided imagery" and hypnosis have often led their clients to believe that difficulties remembering their experience of sexual abuse may result from:

Accepted Answer

Therapists using memory recovery techniques such as guided imagery and hypnosis have been known to lead clients to believe their difficulty in remembering sexual abuse comes from repression, a concept that is controversial in the field of psychology. Studies have shown that memories of trauma are not necessarily repressed, but can be forgotten and then later remembered with or without therapeutic intervention.

Question 20

Authors and songwriters sometimes think an idea came from their own creative imagination,when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia refers to the inability to remember the origin of a particular memory or idea, which can lead to unintentional plagiarism.

Quiz 8: Memory