Question 1

Repeated exposure to sexually violent movies leads viewers to experience:

Accepted Answer

Repeated exposure to sexually violent movies desensitizes viewers to the sight of violence and reduces their empathy for victims of violence, leading to less sympathy for victims of domestic violence and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.

Question 2

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels,they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The scenario described involves operant conditioning, specifically the concept of behavior being strengthened by reinforcement (in this case, attention from parents). Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior, respondent behavior is reflexive behavior in response to a stimulus, and successive approximations involve gradually shaping a behavior through reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior.

Question 3

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The infant Albert developed a fear of...

Question 4

Months after she was beaten up by a robber,Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked.The location of her attack is most likely a(n)________ for Courtney's anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The location of Courtney's attack has become a conditioned stimulus, as it now elicits a fear response (anxiety) due to its previous association with the traumatic event (unconditioned stimulus).

Question 5

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised violence conclude that:

Accepted Answer

Most research shows that there is a correlation between viewing media violence and increased aggression. While there may be other factors involved in aggressive behavior, exposure to media violence is considered a risk factor for becoming more aggressive.

Question 6

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs.This best illustrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of discrimination, where Miguel has learned to respond to a specific stimuli (neighbor's dog) but not to similar stimuli (other dogs). This suggests that he has learned to discriminate between different types of dogs based on his previous experience.

Question 7

Inferring another's mental state is an ability known as:

Accepted Answer

Inferring another's mental state is known as theory of mind.

Question 8

The violence-viewing effect is especially likely when the observed violence:

Accepted Answer

When violence is observed but goes unpunished, it can lead to the violence-viewing effect, where the viewer becomes desensitized to violence and may become more accepting or even willing to engage in violent behavior themselves.

Question 9

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The electric shock is a(n):

Accepted Answer

The electric shock is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically elicits a response (contraction) without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 10

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television.This is most likely to lead her to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on...

Question 11

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experiments suggest that children exposed to a...

Question 12

After reading a first-person account of a fictional fellow student's experience of overcoming obstacles to vote,university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election.This best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question suggests that the students were influenced by the vicarious experience of reading about somebody else overcoming obstacles to vote. Vicarious experience refers to the learning that occurs through observing the experiences of others. The students in this scenario were more motivated to vote after reading about the fictional student's experience, indicating that their behavior was influenced by this vicarious experience. None of the other options (instinctive drift, extrinsic motivation, classical conditioning) are applicable to this scenario.

Question 13

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound,your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the sound) becomes associated with a fearful response due to its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (the frightening experience). The fear response then becomes a conditioned response that is triggered by the sound.

Question 14

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for:

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are specialized neurons in the brain that are activated both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action. This suggests that mirror neurons are important for imitation and the ability to understand the intentions and emotions of others. Therefore, D) imitation is the best choice.

Question 15

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves the acquisition of behavior by watching others perform it. The increase in children's violent play after watching the Power Rangers suggests that they learned this behavior through observation of the characters' actions on television.

Question 16

Mr.Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children.Mr.Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves watching and imitating the behavior of others, especially significant role models such as parents. Mr. Zandee's decision to quit smoking in order to model healthy behavior for his children is an example of observational learning.

Question 17

Prosocial behaviors are best described as actions that are:

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are helpful to others. They are motivated by a desire to benefit others, rather than by extrinsic rewards or classical conditioning. Overimitation refers to copying behaviors that are not necessary or useful, and is not directly related to prosocial behavior.

Question 18

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye.Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a:

Accepted Answer

Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a conditioned response (CR) because it is a learned response that occurs as a result of the repeated pairing of the tone (conditioned stimulus or CS) with the air puff (unconditioned stimulus or US). The initial blink to the air puff is the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 19

Young children's developing capacity to experience empathy for another's suffering provides an indication of their developing:

Accepted Answer

Empathy requires understanding the perspective of others, which is a central aspect of theory of mind. As children develop their theory of mind, they become better able to recognize and respond to others' emotions and experiences. The other options, cognitive map, instinctive drift, and extrinsic motivation, are unrelated to empathy development.

Question 20

When seeing a couple warmly kiss and embrace,observers may vicariously experience and mentally simulate the romantic interaction.Some researchers would say that the reaction of the observers is partially attributable to the activation of:

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are specialized neurons in the brain that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action. They play a role in empathy, imitation, and social interaction. When observing a romantic interaction, mirror neurons may be activated in the observer, allowing them to mentally simulate the experience of being in a romantic relationship.

Quiz 7: Learning