Question 1

Eight-month-old baby Lucy picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy,making an interesting noise.She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib's railing,producing another different and interesting sound.This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again.Piaget would say that this is an example of

Accepted Answer

Lucy's behavior is an example of secondary circular reactions, a stage where infants repeat actions that affect their environment, showing an understanding of cause and effect. This stage typically occurs around 4-8 months of age.

Question 2

Piaget's Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of

Accepted Answer

Piaget's Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of 12-18 months, where they begin to experiment with new behaviors to see the outcomes.

Question 3

At dinnertime,Baby Michael is seated in his high chair as his parents try to feed him;however,Michael repeatedly drops or throws his cup,spoon,and much of his dinner onto the floor while he watches the consequences of his actions.Which of Piaget's substages might explain Michael's behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions, part of Piaget's sensorimotor stage (typically occurring between 12 and 18 months of age), involves the deliberate exploration of potential effects by varying actions, which aligns with Michael's behavior of dropping or throwing objects to see what happens.

Question 4

Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of

Accepted Answer

Substage 4 occurs between 8 to 12 months of age, during this stage infants begin to coordinate secondary circular reactions to achieve goals. They start to intentionally repeat actions that lead to a desirable outcome, such as shaking a rattle to make noise. They also begin to understand object permanence, which means they realize that objects still exist even when they are out of sight.

Question 5

When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem,this is called

Accepted Answer

Goal-directed behavior involves combining and coordinating multiple schemes to achieve a specific goal or solve a particular problem. Tertiary circular reactions involve using existing schemes in a new way to solve a problem, while secondary circular reactions involve repeating previously successful actions for a similar situation. Object-directed behavior refers to using specific objects as a means to achieve a goal. Therefore, the best choice for the given description is A) goal-directed behavior.

Question 6

Glada is 7 months old.Her mother has been playing with her using age-appropriate toys.Glada has begun to engage in the concepts of object permanence.Her mother feels she should have totally grasped the concepts of object permanence and is concerned her daughter may have developmental issues.What could a developmental specialist tell Glada's mother regarding this concept?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is a complex concept that takes several months for infants to fully comprehend. It is normal for them to make certain errors along the way as they try to understand the concept. A developmental specialist would reassure Glada's mother that her daughter is on track with her development and that it is normal for her to need more time to fully grasp the concept.

Question 7

During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage does the child "begin to act upon the outside world," a process by which infants seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments if they happen to produce them through chance activities?

Accepted Answer

During substage 3, Secondary Circular Reactions (typically from 4 to 8 months of age), infants start to make accidental discoveries and then repeat the actions that led to them, showing an initial understanding of how they can influence the world around them. This substage is characterized by the intentional repetition of actions that extend beyond the infant's own body to objects and effects in the external environment.

Question 8

What is the term for Piaget's sensorimotor stage where an infant develops schemes that include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences?

Accepted Answer

Substage 5, known as tertiary circular reactions, is characterized by the infant's experimentation with new behaviors to see what effects they can produce, essentially showing deliberate variations of actions to achieve desirable outcomes. This stage typically occurs from about 12 to 18 months of age.

Question 9

Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4 and enables the infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Piaget believed that this stage of cognitive development appears during Substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage, which occurs between 8 and 12 months of age. The infant begins to understand that objects have a separate existence from themselves and can be found again after disappearing from sight.

Question 10

Piaget's Substage 6: Beginnings of thought occur for children in the age range of

Accepted Answer

Piaget's Substage 6, also known as the beginnings of thought or mental representation, occurs between 18-24 months of age. This is when children start using mental symbols to represent objects and events that are not physically present. It is a critical stage in cognitive development as it lays the foundation for language development and problem-solving abilities.

Question 11

What is the major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Accepted Answer

The major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is that primary circular reactions involve activities where the infant is focused on its own body, while secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant's actions relate to the outside world. Primary circular reactions are typically repetitive actions that the infant finds enjoyable and involve the repetition of actions that were initially chance occurrences. Secondary circular reactions involve the intentional repetition of actions that have an effect on the environment outside the infant's body.

Question 12

Baby Jimmy's parent places a brand new rattle in his crib.Instantly,Jimmy picks up the rattle,tries to mouth the rattle,and notices that when it shakes,it makes noise.Jimmy immediately tries shaking the rattle different ways to see how the sound changes,and he seems to enjoy this activity.Piaget would say that this is an example of

Accepted Answer

Jimmy's behavior of shaking the rattle to see how the sound changes and enjoying the activity is an example of secondary circular reactions. This stage, according to Piaget, involves the repetition of actions that extend beyond the infant's own body and involve the manipulation of external objects, typically observed around 4-8 months of age.

Question 13

Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room,but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her.This is an example of which reaction concept?

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes the concept of object permanence, which is the understanding that an object still exists even when it cannot be seen. This concept typically emerges in the fourth substage of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Question 14

Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with.Piaget would say that this is an example of

Accepted Answer

This behavior exemplifies the coordination of secondary circular reactions, a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where infants (around 8-12 months old) start to coordinate two or more actions to achieve simple objectives, such as uncovering a hidden object. This shows an understanding of means-end relationships, which is a key aspect of this stage.

Question 15

Which of the following demonstrates the characteristics of Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions occurs between 8-12 months where an infant's motor skills improve, allowing them to anticipate and coordinate actions to achieve a goal. They demonstrate the ability to use previous knowledge to solve problems and exhibit goal-directed behavior such as reaching for an object they see but cannot yet touch. Therefore, the best choice that demonstrates this characteristic is D - an infant's skill in anticipating future circumstances.

Question 16

According to Piaget,what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, the major accomplishment of Substage 6 (the sixth and final stage of the Sensorimotor period) is the capacity for mental representation, or symbolic thought. This means that children are able to form mental representations or symbols of objects and events in their environment, which they can manipulate and use to solve problems or plan actions. This is a key development that allows children to move beyond simple sensorimotor actions and engage in more complex cognitive processes. Options A, B, and C are accomplishments of earlier substages in the Sensorimotor period.

Question 17

Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body.An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking.

Accepted Answer

Piaget called schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body "primary circular reactions." These are typically actions such as thumb-sucking, grasping, or kicking, and they are a key component of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Question 18

What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, touched, smelled, or sensed in any way. This is a developmental milestone typically achieved by infants at around 8 to 12 months of age.

Question 19

"Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly,varying the position from which he dropped it,[and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions, where children actively experiment with objects to see what effects their actions produce, showing curiosity and exploration similar to a scientist conducting experiments.

Question 20

Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that circular reactions, or the repetition of a chance motor event, played a crucial role in the development of cognitive schemes in infants. This involves the infant's repeated use of a specific motor action to explore and interact with the environment, leading to the refinement and adaptation of existing cognitive schemas. Options A, B, and D are related to Piaget's theory but do not specifically refer to the process of circular reactions.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy