Question 1

In Bandura's classic (1965)study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,__________ .
A)children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model rewarded
B)children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model punished
C)children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded
D)children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's study, children who saw the model rewarded for hitting the Bobo doll performed more aggressively in a free play situation than those who saw the model punished or saw no consequences. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 2

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.
A)cognitive mapping
B)vicarious learning
C)latent learning
D)insight

Accepted Answer

Insight is the type of learning that involves a sudden realization or understanding of a problem or situation. It is often characterized by a "lightbulb moment" in which the solution becomes clear without the need for trial and error or repetitive attempts at problem-solving. Cognitive mapping refers to the mental representation of the spatial layout or geography of an environment. Vicarious learning involves learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any apparent reinforcement but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so.

Question 3

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)insight learning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe other people act, without being directly reinforced or punished for our behavior. This type of learning is also known as social learning or modeling.

Question 4

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final,terminal behavior is called:
A)positive reinforcement.
B)shaping.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)secondary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to a final, terminal behavior. Positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable consequence to increase behavior, while positive and secondary reinforcers are specific types of reinforcement stimuli.

Question 5

Emitted,voluntary behavior is BEST modified by _____________.
A)operant conditioning
B)trial and error 
C)classical conditioning
D)extinction

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is the process of modifying behavior through consequence-based learning. By manipulating the consequences of a behavior, such as providing rewards or punishments, the behavior can be strengthened or weakened. This type of conditioning is effective in modifying voluntary behavior, as the individual has control over whether or not to engage in the behavior. In contrast, classical conditioning is better suited for modifying involuntary or reflexive behavior, and trial and error and extinction are not as effective in modifying voluntary behavior.

Question 6

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.
A)autonomic
B)primary
C)secondary
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning that cannot be directly observed. Autonomic learning refers to learning that occurs involuntarily, such as through conditioning, and is observable. Primary and secondary learning are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 7

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop,the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal,then for leaping from that pedestal to another.Next the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward.Finally,the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward.This is an example of __________ .
A)modeling
B)shaping
C)negative reinforcement
D)secondary learning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of shaping, where the behavior is gradually trained and reinforced by breaking it down into smaller steps. The tiger learns to jump on the pedestal, then to jump from one pedestal to another, then to jump through a hoop, and finally to jump through a flaming hoop to receive the reward.

Question 8

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second)stimulus,even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously,is called ___________ .
A)a learning set
B)learned helplessness
C)diffusion
D)blocking

Accepted Answer

This process is called blocking, where prior conditioning ("blocking cue") prevents conditioning to a new stimulus, even if it is presented simultaneously with the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:
A)higher order conditioning.
B)shaping.
C)modeling.
D)response generalization.

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves gradually teaching a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations towards the final behavior. This often includes breaking down the behavior into smaller parts and teaching those first. A and D are not accurate definitions of shaping, and C refers to a different type of learning in which an observer learns by imitating the actions of others.

Question 10

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
A)vicarious learning
B)innate learning
C)latent learning
D)insight

Accepted Answer

Latent learning is the type of learning that occurs without any immediate change in behavior. This means that the individual has acquired new knowledge or skills, but is not demonstrating them until a later point in time. Vicarious learning refers to learning through observing the behavior of others, innate learning refers to instinctual behaviors, and insight refers to sudden realization or understanding of a problem or concept.

Question 11

In a study on learning,the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals.She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning.She is studying ___________ .
A)neurophysiological learning
B)primary learning
C)secondary learning
D)cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is interested in the inner processes involved in learning, which suggests a focus on cognitive learning. The other options (neurophysiological, primary, and secondary learning) do not address the psychological processes involved in learning to the same degree.

Question 12

Shaping is achieved through:
A)discrimination training.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)successive approximations.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is achieved through successive approximations, which involves reinforcing behaviors that progressively approximate the desired behavior.

Question 13

Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over.She tried giving him instructions,but it didn't work.She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior,but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled.Finally,she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over.At last,using _______,she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
A)shaping
B)positive reinforcement
C)positive reinforcers
D)secondary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. In this case, Peggy reinforced behaviors that resembled rolling over until the dog was eventually able to roll over on command. Positive reinforcement (B) is a type of reward for a behavior, not a process of teaching the behavior. Positive reinforcers (C) are the rewards themselves, such as treats or praise. Secondary reinforcers (D) are rewards that have been associated with primary reinforcers (like food) and have gained value because of that association. None of these options fully describe Peggy's process of shaping the behavior.

Question 14

Operant conditioning assumes that:
A)events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future.
B)one's mental processes (e.g. ,memory and perception)mediate what behaviors one does in a situation.
C)voluntary behaviors are reflexive.
D)one learns by watching others' behavior.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is based on the principle that behaviors are shaped by their consequences, i.e., events that follow the behavior affect the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. Therefore, choice A is the best option as it directly reflects the core concept of operant conditioning. Choices B, C, and D are not relevant to operant conditioning theory.

Question 15

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.
A)modeling
B)shaping
C)negative reinforcement
D)classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior, ultimately leading to the complete desired behavior being performed. It is a method of behavior modification often used in operant conditioning. Modeling refers to learning through observation and imitation of others' behavior. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Classical conditioning involves learning an association between two stimuli.

Question 16

The mental image of an area,such as a maze or the floor plan of a building,is called _____________.
A)a Gestalt
B)insight
C)a Skinner response
D)a cognitive map

Accepted Answer

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is referred to as a cognitive map. It is a representation of an individual's spatial knowledge and can be used to navigate through and remember the layout of a particular environment. The other options (A, B, and C) are not relevant to the concept of a cognitive map.

Question 17

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .
A)Watson
B)Skinner
C)Thorndike
D)Tolman

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman, who conducted experiments with rats to demonstrate that learning could occur without reinforcement.

Question 18

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
A)insight learning
B)serial enumeration
C)latent learning
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so. This is often associated with cognitive theories of learning. Choice A, insight learning, refers to a sudden understanding or solution to a problem that is not attributed to trial-and-error learning or previous experience. Choice B, serial enumeration, is the process of counting items one by one. Choice D, shaping, is a conditioning technique where behavior is gradually modified and reinforced.

Question 19

The idea that for classical conditioning to occur,the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory.
A)social learning
B)contingency
C)operant conditioning
D)autonomic conditioning

Accepted Answer

The idea that for classical conditioning to occur, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is known as contingency theory. The other options, such as social learning, operant conditioning, and autonomic conditioning, do not pertain to this specific concept.

Question 20

A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then,they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them--even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using:
A)discrimination.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)successive approximation.

Accepted Answer

The parents are using successive approximation or shaping, which involves reinforcing behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired end behavior. They start by praising the child for putting on her clothes frontwards, and gradually increase the standard until she is able to button her clothes correctly.

Quiz 5: Learning

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,__________ .

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final,terminal behavior is called:

Emitted,voluntary behavior is BEST modified by _____________.

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus,even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously,is called ___________ .

A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.

In a study on learning,the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals.She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning.She is studying ___________ .

Shaping is achieved through:

Operant conditioning assumes that:

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.

The mental image of an area,such as a maze or the floor plan of a building,is called _____________.

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?

The idea that for classical conditioning to occur,the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory.