Question 1

The development of a sense of shared responsibility between parents and their children defines the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Coregulation is defined as the shared responsibility between parents and their children in managing the child's behavior and emotions. This includes teaching the child appropriate behaviors and helping them regulate their emotions, while also allowing the child to gradually take more responsibility for their own behavior and emotions. Self-monitoring and self-regulation relate to the internal regulation of one's own behavior and emotions, while reciprocity refers to mutually exchanging benefits or privileges.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the relationship between age and a child's likelihood of having friends from a different racial or ethnic group?

Accepted Answer

A study in a California town in which the schools were about half African American and half white found that older children actually were less likely than younger ones to have a friend of a different ethnicity. Interethnic friendships declined steadily from the fourth through the seventh grade. The researchers concluded that as children grow older, ethnic or racial similarity becomes an increasingly powerful basis for friendship (Ocampo, Knight, & Bernal, 1997).

Question 3

As Greta grows older, her parents gradually increase her involvement in family decisions, such as where to go on vacation and how to spend the weekends together. Her parents are developing Greta's:

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation is encouraged when parents use verbal reasoning and suggestion rather than strict approaches to discipline.

Question 4

Suppose that Mary and Dave want to increase their son's self-regulated behavior. Which of the following discipline practices is most closely linked to this outcome?

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation is encouraged when parents use verbal reasoning and suggestion rather than strict approaches to discipline. Authoritative parents use such tactics: They encourage communication and negotiation in rule setting within the family.

Question 5

When Jeremy learns to direct his own behavior, rather than behave in strict accordance with the directions of his parents and teachers

Accepted Answer

Self-regulated behavior is defined as children's ability to control and direct their own behavior and to meet the requirements that parents and others impose upon them.

Question 6

Barbara holds negative attitudes about people who belong to groups that differ from her according to some noticeable attributes such as race, religion, or ethnicity. Psychologists would define Barbara's situation as an example of what is meant by the term:

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude formed without adequate reason and usually directed toward people because of their membership in a certain group.

Question 7

According to the text, as Abbey moves through middle childhood, her parents would be expected to become less concerned with her ____________ and more concerned with her _____________.

Accepted Answer

As noted in the text, when children begin their formal education, parents become less concerned with promoting autonomy and establishing daily routines and more concerned with their children's work habits and achievement.

Question 8

George and Ramona want to help their son develop self-regulated behavior. They will be most successful if they:

Accepted Answer

One way that parents can encourage self-regulated behavior is to gradually increase
the child's involvement in family decisions. By engaging in frequent discussions and negotiations with their children, parents can encourage greater independence while still providing support and guidance.

Question 9

From a developmental perspective, which of the following is the first step to occur when developing an ethnic identity?

Accepted Answer

The first step in developing an ethnic identity is learning which ethnic group one belongs to. This is the foundation upon which all other aspects of ethnic identity can be built. Without knowing one's own ethnic group, it is impossible to learn about the culture, values, and practices associated with that group.

Question 10

When planning a family vacation, Emma and her parents shared responsibility and cooperated together on the details. Psychologists would generally refer to practices such as this by using the term:

Accepted Answer

Coregulation involves the development of a sense of shared responsibility between parents and their children.

Question 11

If all of Jane's friends like each other and see themselves as being quite similar to each other, a psychologist would most likely describe this group as:

Accepted Answer

An in-group is a group of people who we view as being similar to us and as possessing desirable characteristics.

Question 12

Suppose that Germaine, who is African American, attends a school where about half the students are African American and half are white. Generalizing from research reported in the text, in which of the following grades should you expect Germaine to be least likely to have a white friend?

Accepted Answer

A study in a California town in which the schools were about half African American and half White found that older children actually were less likely than younger ones to have a friend of a different ethnicity: Interethnic friendships declined steadily from the fourth through the seventh grade.

Question 13

Development of a sense of shared responsibility between parents and children, such as negotiating a curfew, is called

Accepted Answer

Coregulation involves the development of a sense of shared responsibility between parents and their children.

Question 14

Lorraine says, "I don't like those people because they are different from me and my friends." Using psychological terminology, Lorraine's comment has identified the people she doesn't like as:

Accepted Answer

As defined, an out-group includes people who are perceived to be different and therefore undesirable.

Question 15

Excluding or teasing members of a particular group are best thought of as examples of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is defined as treating others in a prejudiced manner.

Question 16

According to the text, during middle childhood the most important socializing influence on children is:

Accepted Answer

The text states that during middle childhood, the most important socializing influence on children is the family. While peers and teachers certainly have an impact, the family environment and relationships are seen as the foundation for socialization during this period.

Question 17

Self-regulated behavior is best encouraged when parents:

Accepted Answer

As noted in the text, self-regulation is encouraged when parents use verbal reasoning and suggestion rather than strict approaches to discipline.

Question 18

According to the text, when does ethnic awareness begin to develop?

Accepted Answer

According to the text, ethnic awareness begins to develop in early childhood.

Question 19

When parents develop a sense of shared responsibility with their children, the term used to describe this activity is:

Accepted Answer

Coregulation is defined as the development of a sense of shared responsibility between parents and their children.

Question 20

When parents use a reasoning-based set of parenting skills to discipline their child, this encourages all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

As noted in the text, a reasoning-based approach leads to more prosocial behavior
and to better compliance with social rules. Also, parents who remind their children of the effects of their actions on others tend to have children who are more popular and whose moral standards are internalized more fully. Self-regulation is also encouraged when parents use verbal reasoning and suggestion rather than strict approaches to discipline.

Quiz 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development