Question 1

Which of the following is most likely to improve performance on an exam?
A)using maintenance rehearsal instead of elaborative rehearsal
B)taking a practice test before hand
C)avoiding "over studying" the material
D)studying from small stacks of flashcards instead of one big stack.

Accepted Answer

Taking a practice test beforehand can help identify areas of strengths and weaknesses and allow for targeted studying.

Question 2

One reason for misremembering an event is that our __________ influence what to pay attention to,and what we expect to happen in certain situations.
A)executive controllers
B)schemas
C)mnemonics
D)demand characteristics

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information. They also influence what we pay attention to and what we expect to happen in certain situations. As a result, when we recall events, our schemas can affect our memory and cause us to misremember details or fill in gaps with assumptions or expectations.

Question 3

One potential drawback to the use of mnemonic devices is that they
A)can help with rote memorization;they may not improve your understanding of material.
B)can lead to the formation of false memories that seem real.
C)cannot be used to remember more than approximately 20 items.
D)are usually only useful for remembering information for short periods of time.

Accepted Answer

Mnemonic devices are useful for memorizing information, but they don't necessarily improve understanding or knowledge of the material. They can help with initial memorization, but other strategies such as active learning techniques may be more effective for retaining information over time.

Question 4

Which of the following do the textbook authors suggest might be a cause of infantile amnesia?
A)hippocampal damage
B)extinction
C)young children lack schemas
D)repression

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following do the textbook...

Question 5

Jasmine needs to remember an eight-line poem for her fifth-grade English class next week.Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home,starting with the front door.This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as
A)an acronym.
B)the keyword method.
C)the method of loci.
D)the pegword method.

Accepted Answer

The memory strategy of linking each line with a different part of a familiar location (in this case, the home) is known as the method of loci. The other memory strategies listed (acronyms, keyword method, pegword method) do not involve linking information to a familiar location.

Question 6

Mariska cannot remember events that occurred in her life prior to three years of age.She is most likely experiencing
A)anterograde amnesia.
B)infantile amnesia.
C)repression.
D)traumatic amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Mariska's inability to remember events prior to three years of age is a common phenomenon called infantile amnesia, which affects the ability to remember events from one's early childhood. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after a brain injury, repression is a controversial theory in psychology, and traumatic amnesia occurs when a person represses memories of a traumatic event.

Question 7

Benjamin is a participant in a lab experiment.He is shown a list of words that include: engine,tire,trunk,drive,gasoline,and cup holder.When later asked,Benjamin says that "car" was one of the words he saw on the list,even though it was not there.This experiment is using _______________ to study memory.
A)guided imagery
B)a recovered memory technique
C)imagination inflation
D)the DRM procedure

Accepted Answer

The experiment described is using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, which involves presenting participants with lists of words that are semantically related to a non-presented word (in this case, "car"), leading participants to falsely remember the non-presented word as part of the list.

Question 8

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood abuse that started at 6 months of age.Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?
A)because decay leads to almost immediate forgetting of newly learned information.
B)because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age
C)because children do not tell the truth
D)because repression inhibits the conscious recognition of traumatic events such as childhood sexual abuse

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia is the concept that suggests that memories from early in childhood (generally before the age of 3-4) are not retained in the long-term memory. Hence, psychologists are unlikely to believe Roseanne's claim that she remembers instances of childhood abuse from the age of 6 months.

Question 9

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation,the teacher has them learn the sentence Every Good Boy Does Fine." This is an example of
A)reconstructive memory.
B)a mnemonic.
C)serial-position effect.
D)pattern recognition.

Accepted Answer

The sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine" is a mnemonic, which is a memory aid technique that helps people remember information by organizing it into a more easily remembered format, such as an acronym, rhyme, or phrase. The use of mnemonics is a common strategy in educational settings for enhancing memory retention and recall.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes human memory?
A)Memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
B)Memories are reconstructed based on a combination of schemas and specific details.
C)Memories for events are a jumble of unrelated details and facts,with no system of organization.
D)Memories generally consist of nothing but false beliefs and misinformation.

Accepted Answer

Research on memory suggests that memories are not like a video camera recording an entire experience, nor are they a jumble of unrelated details and facts. Instead, memories are thought to be reconstructed based on a combination of schemas (pre-existing knowledge and expectations) and specific details. While memories can contain inaccuracies and false information, it is not accurate to say that they generally consist of nothing but false beliefs and misinformation.

Question 11

A __________ is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events,objects,and ideas .
A)chunk
B)mnemonic
C)primer
D)schema

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. It is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas. Chunking refers to the process of grouping information together into small units or chunks, mnemonic devices are techniques for improving memory, and primers are materials used to prepare or introduce someone to a topic.

Question 12

As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class,she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting
A)immediately after learning new words.
B)immediately after finishing a semester.
C)immediately after taking a test.
D)immediately before taking a test.

Accepted Answer

The greatest degree of forgetting is likely to occur immediately after learning new words, as the information has not had time to be committed to long-term memory.

Question 13

One way to improve memory is to use techniques that allow the information to be stored in more than one form.This is known as
A)binary encoding.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)flashbulb encoding.
D)dual coding.

Accepted Answer

Dual coding is a technique that involves encoding information using both visual and verbal pathways. By doing so, the information is stored in two different forms, increasing the likelihood of successful retrieval. This technique harnesses the strengths of both the visual and verbal systems, and has been shown to be particularly effective for memorizing concrete nouns and word pairs.

Question 14

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?
A)Professor Weiss asked his chemistry students how terrifying the explosion was.
B)Jared's mother asks him about his day at school.
C)The police detective asked the witness to describe what happened.
D)Danny asks his girlfriend what they had for dinner last night.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. In option A, the use of the word "terrifying" in Professor Weiss's question could influence the students' memories of the explosion, making them remember it as more frightening than it might have been, which is a classic example of how wording can lead to the misinformation effect.

Question 15

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents.His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table,and his mother asked Billy about the jar."Sure," says Billy,"it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone.The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake.Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans?
A)he probably has a damaged hippocampus
B)he was using the representativeness heuristic
C)he had repressed the memory of his trip
D)he reconstructed his memory using new and old information

Accepted Answer

Billy's memory was reconstructed using new information (his grandfather's recent diabetes diagnosis) and old information (the jar of jelly beans always being on the table in the past). This is an example of how memories can be influenced by both past experiences and current knowledge or beliefs.

Question 16

Information that does not fit our expectations for a situation,but is not extremely unexpected,is likely to
A)be forgotten.
B)be added to our schema.
C)be remembered.
D)trigger a flashbulb memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information that does not fit our expectations...

Question 17

How have clinical psychologists applied the concept of schemas to the treatment of psychological problems like depression?
A)Abnormal schemas can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify depression in patients.
B)Patients are encouraged to develop a "therapeutic process" schema that facilitates treatment.
C)Schemas can be used by therapists to recover blocked memoires,which are causing the disorder.
D)Some therapists attempt to change negative self-schemas,which contribute to negative thoughts.

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists have applied the concept of schemas to the treatment of psychological problems like depression by attempting to change negative self-schemas, which contribute to negative thoughts. These negative self-schemas can become deeply ingrained in an individual's cognitive processing over time, and may play a significant role in perpetuating symptoms of depression. By identifying and modifying these negative self-schemas, therapists can help individuals to restructure their thinking patterns and to develop more adaptive coping strategies.

Question 18

The more times an individual imagines an event,the more likely he is to believe the event really happened,even if it did not.This is known as
A)the DRM procedure.
B)the misinformation effect.
C)imagination inflation.
D)self hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as imagination inflation, where repeated imagination or mental visualization of an event can increase an individual's confidence in the event's occurrence, even if it did not actually happen. The DRM procedure refers to a memory phenomenon where individuals falsely remember a non-presented word that is semantically related to a list of presented words. The misinformation effect is the tendency for new, misleading information to distort one's memory of an event. Self-hypnosis involves inducing a hypnotic state in oneself for therapeutic or personal reasons.

Question 19

Aleixo just started his job as an advertising intern.When he arrived at the office,he was surprised that everyone was wearing jeans or other types of informal attire.The situation most likely violates Aleixo's __________ of office workers.
A)chunk
B)mnemonic
C)primer
D)schema

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework that allows individuals to organize and categorize information about a particular topic. In this case, Aleixo likely had a preconceived schema or idea of what office workers wear, which was professional attire, such as suits or business casual clothing. The situation he encountered contradicts his established schema and therefore violates it.

Question 20

Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 60 kilometres per hour.However,after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "contacted" he subsequently revises his estimate to 50 kilometres per hour and his memory of the accident changes.This is an example of
A)bias.
B)decay.
C)interference.
D)the misinformation effect.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of the misinformation effect, where an individual's memory of an event is altered by incorrect or misleading information. Jermaine's initial estimate of the offending driver's speed was influenced by his own perceptions, but after hearing information from other sources, his memory and perception of the event were altered. This is a common phenomenon in eyewitness testimony and can have significant implications in legal cases.

Quiz 7: B: Memory

Which of the following is most likely to improve performance on an exam?

One reason for misremembering an event is that our __________ influence what to pay attention to,and what we expect to happen in certain situations.

One potential drawback to the use of mnemonic devices is that they

Which of the following do the textbook authors suggest might be a cause of infantile amnesia?

Jasmine needs to remember an eight-line poem for her fifth-grade English class next week.Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home,starting with the front door.This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as

Mariska cannot remember events that occurred in her life prior to three years of age.She is most likely experiencing

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood abuse that started at 6 months of age.Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation,the teacher has them learn the sentence Every Good Boy Does Fine." This is an example of

Which of the following best describes human memory?

A __________ is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events,objects,and ideas .

As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class,she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting

One way to improve memory is to use techniques that allow the information to be stored in more than one form.This is known as

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?

Information that does not fit our expectations for a situation,but is not extremely unexpected,is likely to

How have clinical psychologists applied the concept of schemas to the treatment of psychological problems like depression?

The more times an individual imagines an event,the more likely he is to believe the event really happened,even if it did not.This is known as

Aleixo just started his job as an advertising intern.When he arrived at the office,he was surprised that everyone was wearing jeans or other types of informal attire.The situation most likely violates Aleixo's __________ of office workers.