Question 1

Suppose that some researchers would like to see whether memory is enhanced by using vivid imagery.They locate a large number of studies and use a statistical method to combine all the information to determine whether vivid imagery is effective.The method they use would be called as

Accepted Answer

The method described involves combining the results of multiple studies to make an overall determination, which is the definition of a meta-analysis. Dissociation involves studying the effects of brain damage on behavior, correlation involves identifying relationships between variables, and metamemory involves studying how people remember and judge their own memories.

Question 2

Consider this sentence: "I know that the winters in Wisconsin are colder than the winters in New Jersey." This sentence is an example of

Accepted Answer

This sentence is an example of semantic memory, which refers to our general knowledge about the world that is not tied to a specific time or place. The fact that Wisconsin winters are colder than New Jersey winters is a piece of factual information that can be stored in semantic memory.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the memory of specific events or experiences in one's life, such as receiving a letter of acceptance from college. Choices B, C, and D are examples of semantic memory, which refers to general knowledge about the world, language, and culture.

Question 4

Your knowledge of how to program your DVR to record your favorite television show is an example of

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is the type of memory that involves the acquisition of skills and how to perform tasks, such as programming a DVR to record a television show. Working memory is a short-term memory storage system for temporarily holding onto information, semantic memory is the storage of general knowledge and concepts, and episodic memory is the storage of personal experiences and events.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is the memory of general knowledge and facts. Knowing that cabbage tastes bitter is an example of semantic memory. The other options involve episodic memory (memory of personal experiences) or working memory (temporary holding and manipulation of information).

Question 6

Imagine that you have to turn the clocks ahead for daylight saving time.You manage to recall the rather complex system by which you can advance the clock in your car.This skill is an example of your

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is the type of memory that involves skills, habits, and learned actions, such as how to ride a bike or drive a car. In this scenario, recalling the process for advancing the clock in a car requires the use of procedural memory.

Question 7

The levels-of-processing approach

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing approach suggests that deeper processing of material leads to more permanent retention, rather than just encoding it in terms of sensory characteristics. It emphasizes that the meaning and significance of information is more important for memory recall than the physical or sensory characteristics of the information.

Question 8

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name,Chris Money,you think about the meaning of the name Money,including both coins and dollar bills,and the importance of money in our culture.The kind of processing you would be using is called

Accepted Answer

Elaboration refers to deep processing of information, where it is connected to existing knowledge and meaning is derived from it. In this case, the processing of the name "Chris Money" is going beyond just repeating the name and connecting it to the concept of money, indicating the use of elaboration.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about episodic memory is correct?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to our ability to remember events in our lives, such as specific experiences and their context. It is a type of long-term memory, distinct from working memory (B) and semantic memory (C), which store different types of information. Episodic memory is also distinct from procedural memory (D), which is our memory of how to perform tasks, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces.

Question 10

Suppose that you look at a new term in a foreign language,and this item is then stored in your memory.Cognitive psychologists call this process

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the process of taking in and processing new information, such as learning a new term in a foreign language and storing it in memory. Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform certain tasks or skills, retrieval refers to the process of accessing stored information, and recognition refers to the ability to recognize previously encountered information.

Question 11

In general,self-reference instructions

Accepted Answer

Self-reference instructions enhance memory in a wide variety of situations by encouraging individuals to relate the information to themselves, thereby making it more meaningful and easier to remember.

Question 12

Researchers have developed several explanations for the observation that people recall information more accurately if they try to connect that information with themselves.Chapter 5 noted that one likely explanation is that people are more likely

Accepted Answer

When people connect information to themselves, they make it more personal and meaningful, which activates more distinct and well-rehearsed cues. This enhances recall as it is easier for the brain to retrieve information when it is linked to more well-established patterns.

Question 13

What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for the reason why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?

Accepted Answer

Deep levels make the stimulus different from other memory traces in the system; it's more distinctive.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the memory of autobiographical events (i.e. episodes) that occur in a specific time and place. Option D describes a personal experience of reading a specific book at a specific time, making it an example of episodic memory. Options A, B, and C are examples of semantic memory, which refers to the memory of general knowledge and facts.

Question 15

What can we conclude about the self-reference effect?

Accepted Answer

The research on the self-reference effect consistently shows that people are more likely to remember and recall information that is relevant to themselves, indicating a reliable effect.

Question 16

You read in a psychology journal that the authors of an article have conducted a meta-analysis.You conclude that they have

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis involves locating and statistically combining the results of previous studies in order to determine an overall effect.

Question 17

According to the levels-of-processing approach,the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing approach suggests that information is better remembered when it is processed in terms of its meaning, rather than its physical characteristics or sensory details. Therefore, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is to focus on its meaning, including its main ideas, key concepts, and relationships to other information.

Question 18

Which of the following students provides the best understanding of the concept called elaboration?

Accepted Answer

Soltan's definition of elaboration is the most accurate. Elaboration involves connecting new information to existing knowledge and making associations between the new and old information. This is exactly what Soltan describes when he says that elaboration involves thinking about how an item is related to other concepts. The other options are not as accurate or complete in their descriptions of elaboration.

Question 19

Consider this sentence: "I know that winters in Wisconsin are colder than winters in South Carolina." The knowledge expressed in this sentence is probably coded

Accepted Answer

The knowledge in the sentence is conveyed through the meaning of the words and their relationship to each other, which is semantics. The other options, acoustics and visual appearance, do not play a role in conveying the meaning of this sentence. Therefore, C is the best choice.

Question 20

Suppose that you are trying to recall a friend's phone number,so you repeat it over and over to yourself without analyzing it or giving it a meaning.According to the levels-of-processing approach,this activity would be categorized as

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing approach suggests that deeper processing, such as analyzing or giving meaning to information, leads to better recall. Repeating a phone number without analyzing or attaching meaning to it is considered shallow processing.

Quiz 5: Long-Term Memory