Question 1

Dean realizes that rules are agreements that may be changed if necessary. He is in which of Piaget's stages of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Dean's understanding that rules can be changed if necessary indicates that he is in Piaget's moral relativism stage, which typically occurs in early adolescence. In this stage, individuals recognize that rules are social agreements and can be changed based on the needs and values of the community.

Question 2

If you know that Bob is a highly resilient child, even though he has grown up under stressful circumstances, your best guess is that his early life was characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The fact that Bob is highly resilient despite growing up under stressful circumstances suggests that he has an easy temperament. Research has shown that children with an easy temperament are more likely to display resilience in the face of adversity. Insecure attachment to parents and difficult temperament tend to make children less resilient.

Question 3

According to Selman, the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Selman proposed that the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is their ability to take another person's perspective. As children develop the ability to understand and anticipate the thoughts and feelings of others, their friendships become more complex and intimate.

Question 4

Today, in comparison with women who do not have children, women with school-age children are:

Accepted Answer

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of women who work outside the home, even after they become mothers. In fact, studies have shown that women with school-age children are more likely to work outside the home than women who do not have children. Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 5

When Jeremy learns to direct his own behavior, rather than behave in strict accordance with the directions of his parents and teachers, psychologists would say he has developed:

Accepted Answer

Self-regulated behavior refers to the ability to control and direct one's own behavior, thoughts, and emotions without external guidance. This involves setting personal goals, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as necessary. It is an important aspect of development as it leads to greater independence and autonomy.

Question 6

Lorraine says, "I don't like those people because they are different from me and my friends." Using psychological terminology, Lorraine's comment has identified the people she doesn't like as:

Accepted Answer

Lorraine's comment identifies the people she doesn't like as an out-group. An out-group is a group that someone does not belong to or identify with, and may view as different or inferior in some way, as Lorraine suggests in her statement. An in-group refers to a group that someone belongs to and identifies with. Side-group and dumped group are not recognized psychological terms.

Question 7

George and Ramona want to help their son develop self-regulated behavior. They will be most successful if they:

Accepted Answer

The answer of George and Ramona want to help their...

Question 8

Erik Erikson defined the period of middle childhood as revolving around which of the following developmental crises?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson defined the period of middle childhood (ages 6-12) as the stage of "industry versus inferiority." This stage is marked by the child's struggle to develop a sense of competence and mastery in intellectual, social, and physical tasks. Children who are successful in this stage develop a sense of pride and confidence in their abilities, while those who are unsuccessful may develop feelings of inferiority and incompetence.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the relationship between age and a child's likelihood of having friends from a different racial or ethnic group?

Accepted Answer

A study in a California town in which the schools were about half African American and half white found that older children actually were less likely than younger ones to have a friend of a different ethnicity. Interethnic friendships declined steadily from the fourth through the seventh grade. The researchers concluded that as children grow older, ethnic or racial similarity becomes an increasingly powerful basis for friendship (Ocampo, Knight, & Bernal, 1997).

Question 10

According to the text, when does ethnic awareness begin to develop?

Accepted Answer

The text states that "ethnic awareness typically emerges during early childhood and becomes more pronounced during the elementary school years." This indicates that ethnic awareness begins to develop in early childhood.

Question 11

What component of social cognition refers to the customs and conventions used in a social setting or group?

Accepted Answer

Social regulations refer to the customs, norms, and rules that dictate behavior within a social setting or group. This component of social cognition helps individuals navigate social situations and understand the expectations of others.

Question 12

As children move from early to middle childhood, their peer groups generally become:

Accepted Answer

The answer of As children move from early to middle...

Question 13

Some critics suggest that teachers who provide too much praise create children:

Accepted Answer

Teachers who provide too much praise may cause children to have an inflated sense of their own abilities, which can lead to unrealistic expectations and an inability to accurately assess their strengths and weaknesses. This can ultimately hinder the child's personal and academic growth.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a boy, rather than a girl?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is most...

Question 15

Which of the following most accurately expresses the relative emphasis given to moral attitudes versus moral behavior in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory primarily emphasizes the development of moral reasoning and attitudes, rather than directly explaining moral behavior. It outlines stages of moral development based on how individuals reason about ethical dilemmas, rather than how they act.

Question 16

In 1948, about ___ percent of mothers of school-aged children worked outside the home; today about ___ percent of these mothers work.

Accepted Answer

In 1948, about 26% of mothers of school-aged children worked outside the home, and today about 77% of these mothers work. This indicates a significant increase in the percentage of working mothers.

Question 17

Melanie is always commenting on how she is not as smart as other people and how she is not good at anything in particular. Melanie likely suffers from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Melanie's constant negative self-talk and belief that she is not good at anything point to low self-esteem.

Question 18

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments and lead socially competent lives are described by psychologists with which of the following terms?

Accepted Answer

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments and lead socially competent lives are described as resilient. Self-regulation refers to one's ability to regulate their own behavior and emotions, coregulation refers to the ability to work with others to regulate behavior and emotions, and self-monitoring refers to one's ability to observe and evaluate their own behavior and performance. While these are important skills, they do not necessarily indicate resilience.

Question 19

Selman's view of how friendships develop in middle childhood would be most consistent with which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Selman's theory of friendship development is based on the cognitive development of children, emphasizing how their thinking about friendships evolves with age. This aligns with the cognitive perspective, which focuses on mental processes like thinking, problem-solving, and understanding.

Question 20

The major difference between the terms self-concept and self-esteem is that self-esteem includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to a person's overall sense of self, including their beliefs, values, and perceptions about themselves. Self-esteem, on the other hand, specifically refers to a person's evaluation of their own worth or value. It is a sense of how good (or bad) they feel about themselves. Therefore, the major difference between the two is that self-esteem includes a sense of how good (or bad) a person feels about themselves, while self-concept does not necessarily include this evaluation.

Quiz 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development