Question 1

According to Vygotsky,which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, social interactions play a crucial role in a child's cognitive development. Vygotsky believed that children learn from those around them, and that their mental development is strongly influenced by social interactions and cultural tools. Thus, B is the correct choice. A, C, and D are not considered key factors in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

Question 2

Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher is the zone of proximal development (ZPD). This term was introduced by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, to describe the range of tasks that a child is capable of completing with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher or parent. The ZPD is an important concept in education as it highlights the role of a teacher in supporting a child's learning and development.

Question 3

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of ______.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. Young infants have not yet developed this sense, so they cannot appreciate the disappearing pea trick. Conservation refers to the understanding that despite changes in shape or arrangement, the quantity of an object remains the same. Centration refers to the tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects. Egocentrism refers to the difficulty in understanding that others may have different perspectives or beliefs than oneself.

Question 4

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of thought does not begin...

Question 5

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ______.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, touched, or tasted. Piaget believed that this was an important cognitive milestone that typically develops around 8-9 months of age.

Question 6

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Accepted Answer

The limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage is centration, which means they can focus only on one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects. They cannot understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its nature. As a result, they have trouble with conservation tasks, which involve understanding that certain properties of an object (such as its weight or volume) remain the same even when its appearance changes. They also struggle with reversibility, which means they cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events. Abstract concepts, hypothetical thinking, and object permanence are cognitive abilities that develop later in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 7

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The language described as repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called babbling. Cooing describes the early vocalizations made by babies, holophrasing is the use of a single word to express a complete thought, and telegraphic speech is the use of short, simple phrases devoid of function words and grammatical markers.

Question 8

According to Piaget,the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age,in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world,is the ______ stage.

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage, according to Piaget, is the stage between 2 and 7 years of age, during which children learn to use language and symbols to represent objects and ideas. Piaget believed that children in this stage struggle with logical reasoning and conservation, focusing instead on egocentrism and magical thinking.

Question 9

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding involves providing temporary support and guidance to a learner, gradually reducing the level of support as the learner becomes more competent. The scenario described in option B, where a teacher provides guidance to a student and then gradually withdraws that help as the student becomes more skilled, best illustrates scaffolding. Option A describes collaboration among children, which is an important aspect of social learning but not specifically scaffolding. Option C describes transfer of learning, which is a different concept entirely. Option D describes using physical activity to facilitate learning, which is again a different concept.

Question 10

What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own?

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the term used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own. They struggle with understanding that others have different perspectives and beliefs than their own. This is a common developmental phase in early childhood. Option A (disparity) refers to a lack of equality or similarity between things. Option B (narcissism) is a personality disorder characterized by excessive self-love and self-absorption. Option D (autonomy) refers to the ability to make independent decisions and act on them.

Question 11

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects,Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to________.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is a result of interaction between a child and skilled people, such as parents, teachers, or peers. He emphasized the importance of social context in shaping a child's understanding of the world and the development of higher mental functions.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?

Accepted Answer

The three types of temperament described by Thomas and Chess are easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. "Active" is not one of the three types described.

Question 13

In Piaget's theory,the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age,in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking,is the ______ stage.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory identifies the stage between 7 and 12 years of age as the concrete operations stage, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking. During this stage, children become more adept at classification and logical reasoning but still struggle with hypothetical and abstract thinking, which is the hallmark of the next stage, formal operations.

Question 14

Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories?

Accepted Answer

The formal operational stage is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories. This stage typically begins around age 11 and continues into adulthood. During this stage, individuals can think logically and systematically about abstract concepts, engage in hypothetical reasoning, and think about multiple variables simultaneously.

Question 15

According to Piaget,the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ___________.

Accepted Answer

Conservation is the ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its basic properties. For example, a child who understands conservation understands that pouring water from a short, wide glass into a tall, skinny glass does not change the amount of water present.

Question 16

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation?

Accepted Answer

Conservation, the understanding that an object remains the same despite changes in its appearance, is developed during Piaget's concrete operational stage which typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11.

Question 17

According to Piaget,___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, object permanence represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought. This is because object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or touched, which is a necessary concept for language development and symbolic thought. Egocentric thinking is a characteristic of the preoperational stage, which comes after the sensorimotor stage. Accommodation and assimilation are processes that occur throughout all of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Question 18

Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds...

Question 19

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is ______.

Accepted Answer

Abstract thinking is the ability to think beyond physical objects and concrete situations, and instead use logic and reasoning to solve problems and understand concepts. This is a hallmark of the formal operational stage, which is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The other options, irreversibility and egocentrism, are both characteristics of earlier stages (preoperational and concrete operational, respectively) and are not specific to the formal operational stage. Logical thinking, while important, is not unique to this stage either, as it builds upon the concrete operational stage.

Question 20

By about 12 months,most infants ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By about 12 months,most infants ____________________.
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Quiz 7: A: Development Across the Lifespan