Question 1

Which defense mechanism was a prominent part in both Adler's and Horney's theories?

Accepted Answer

Compensation was a prominent defense mechanism in both Adler's and Horney's theories. In Adler's theory, compensation refers to an individual's attempts to overcome perceived inferiorities by excelling in other areas. Horney utilized the concept of "neurotic needs" to describe compensation for deep-seated insecurities and feelings of isolation. Both Adler and Horney believed that compensation can be a healthy adaptive mechanism when used appropriately, but it can also lead to maladaptive behaviors when overused.

Question 2

What was the basis for Freud's development of his theory of the Oedipus conflict?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the basis for Freud's development...

Question 3

The neo-Freudian,Carl Jung,suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ______.

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung's theory of collective unconscious suggests the existence of archetypes, which are universal images or symbols shared by all people. Schemas refer to cognitive frameworks or mental models, paradigms refer to widely accepted and practiced beliefs or perspectives, and prototypes refer to the original or primary example of something.

Question 4

According to Jung,the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the collective unconscious.

Question 5

The textbook suggests that Freudian theory,though controversial,has had an impact on many things seen in today's society.Which of the following is NOT cited by the book as having been influenced by Freud?

Accepted Answer

The book does not cite professional sports as being influenced by Freudian theory. However, it does mention that children's cartoons, movies, and literature have been influenced by his ideas, particularly themes relating to the unconscious mind, psychosexual development, and the use of symbolism.

Question 6

For the behaviorist,personality is a set of learned responses or _______.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that personality is largely determined by the habits and learned patterns of behavior that a person develops through environmental conditioning. Therefore, the best choice is D) habits.

Question 7

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

Accepted Answer

The difficulty in testing psychodynamic concepts is a major problem with Freudian theory. While there is some validity to his ideas, a lack of empirical evidence leaves the theory open to criticism. The other options do not necessarily represent major flaws in Freudian theory, as sexual motives in children and defense mechanisms as coping strategies are widely acknowledged aspects of the theory, and psychoanalytic therapy can be effective for a range of mental health concerns beyond just psychotics.

Question 8

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality is known as reciprocal determinism. This refers to the concept that our behavior, environment, and personal factors such as thoughts and emotions all interact with and influence each other. It suggests that behavior is not solely determined by any one of these factors alone, but rather by the ongoing reciprocal interaction among them.

Question 9

A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment,person,and behavior.This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

The three factors mentioned (environment, person, and behavior) align with the key concepts in the social cognitive approach to psychology, which emphasizes the interactions between individuals, their behaviors, and their environment in shaping personality. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories are focused more on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, while trait theories emphasize individual differences in personality characteristics.

Question 10

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind,the personal and the ________.

Accepted Answer

Jung believed that the personal unconscious was made up of experiences that were unique to the individual, while the collective unconscious was made up of ancestral or universal experiences that were shared by all humans. Therefore, the best choice is A) collective. B) animus and C) anima refer to archetypes within the collective unconscious, and D) preconscious refers to the level of consciousness that lies between the unconscious and conscious mind.

Question 11

According to Karen Horney,men had __________.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney believed that men experienced a form of envy, which she termed "womb envy," due to their inability to bear children. She believed that this played a role in promoting the traditional gender roles of women as caregivers and men as providers. Therefore, the correct answer is C, womb envy. The other options (A) penis envy, (B) breast envy, and (D) vagina envy, are all theories related to Freudian psychoanalytic theory and are not concepts used by Horney.

Question 12

Carl Jung's term for recurring themes that have been important to humans in many cultures and settings since prehistoric times,such as the concepts of mother,hero,or villain,is ______ .

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung referred to these recurring themes as archetypes, which are universal symbols or patterns that reflect the collective unconscious of humanity.

Question 13

You are reading an article that critiques Freud's theory.Which of the following could be the title?

Accepted Answer

The title "Never Use the Dreams of Sexually Frustrated Rich Women as a Basis for a Theory" critiques Freud's practice of using individual case studies, such as the dreams of his wealthy female patients, to develop his broader psychoanalytic theories.

Question 14

Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler believed that personality disturbances were a result of feelings of inferiority that all people experience, and that individuals are motivated to strive for superiority to overcome these feelings.

Question 15

Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were...

Question 16

According to Jung,each person's own repressed thoughts,undeveloped ideas,and forgotten experiences are contained in the ______.

Accepted Answer

Jung believed that the personal unconscious is unique to each individual and contains their repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences. The persona refers to the mask or facade that individuals present to the outside world, while the archetype and collective unconscious are broader, universal concepts.

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT a neo-Freudian?

Accepted Answer

Rogers was not a neo-Freudian. While he was a prominent figure in the field of psychology, his theories and practices were not based on Freud's psychoanalytic approach. Instead, Rogers founded the humanistic approach to psychology, which emphasized individual growth and positive human values.

Question 18

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following would be a reasonable argument for you to make?

Accepted Answer

Freud's interpretations of his patients' stories were often subjective and open to multiple interpretations, making his theory less reliable and scientific. The other options (A, C, and D) are either inaccurate or incomplete arguments against Freudian theory.

Question 19

Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler?

Accepted Answer

The defense mechanism of compensation, where an individual tries to make up for a perceived weakness by excelling in other areas, was a key concept in Adler's theory of individual psychology. Adler believed that people have a basic desire to overcome feelings of inferiority and to strive towards a sense of superiority or perfection. Compensation is one way individuals try to achieve this goal.

Question 20

According to Karen Horney,what causes us to develop a neurotic personality?

Accepted Answer

According to Karen Horney, a neurotic personality is developed due to the lack of love, affection, and security in one's childhood. Horney believed that children who experience rejection, neglect, or any other form of emotional instability during their early years are more likely to develop neurotic behaviors in their adulthood.

Quiz 11: A: Theories of Personality and Intelligence