Question 1

In a single prediction question Y=a + bX), Y represents an)

Accepted Answer

In the regression equation Y=a+bX, Y represents the predicted criterion score for a specific individual based on their X score. Therefore, option A is the correct choice.

Question 2

For each, consider the information the correlation provides.
-Monica, on the other hand, reported a correlation of 3.4 between community service and interest in helping professions among adolescents. This finding suggests that

Accepted Answer

Correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, so a reported correlation of 3.4 is not possible, indicating a calculation error.

Question 3

Jack administered an achievement test with an internal consistency reliability of .75. Given the measure, how should Jack interpret the correlation? The instrument indicates

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jack administered an achievement test with an...

Question 4

When using correlational analysis with multiple predictors and multiple criterion variables the appropriate procedure is

Accepted Answer

Canonical correlation is the appropriate statistical procedure when dealing with multiple predictors and multiple criterion variables, as it assesses the relationships between two sets of variables.

Question 5

Duffy's research addresses the relationships among amount of practice time, race times, and motivation for running in high school athletes. He measures motivation for running by a Likert scale.
-Duffy's findings indicate a strong positive relationship between practice time and race times. Which of the following is a possible correlation in his research?

Accepted Answer

A strong positive relationship between practice time and race times would indicate a correlation coefficient close to +1. Therefore, the best choice is D, which represents a correlation coefficient of .80. Choices A, B, and C all represent weaker correlations.

Question 6

Cheryl used age, education, and income to predict scores on a life satisfaction survey. Her regression equation accounted for 58% of the variance in life satisfaction. She collects a new sample and applies her equation.
-In Cheryl's second sample, the variance she accounts for will likely __________ due to __________.

Accepted Answer

The variance that Cheryl accounts for in her second sample is likely to decrease due to shrinkage. Shrinkage occurs when a regression equation that has been developed using a particular sample is applied to a new sample, and the predicted scores are less extreme than the original sample. This means that the variance in the predicted scores will be smaller than in the original sample.

Question 7

In a large study that examines the ability of a new instrument to measure the types of achievement motivation. Min relations of the items to one another. She has employed which of the following analysis approaches?

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is an appropriate approach for examining the interrelations of items in a large study aimed at measuring the types of achievement motivation. It allows for the identification of underlying factors or dimensions that best explain the patterns of correlations among the observed variables. Multiple Linear Regression, Discriminate function analysis, and Canonical correlation are not ideal for this purpose.

Question 8

Duffy's research addresses the relationships among amount of practice time, race times, and motivation for running in high school athletes. He measures motivation for running by a Likert scale.
-Given Duffy's research, which one of the following correlation coefficients should he use to analyze his data?

Accepted Answer

Pearson r is the appropriate correlation coefficient to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables, such as practice time and race times, measured on interval or ratio scales. Likert scale data can also be treated as continuous variables and analyzed using Pearson r. Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho are non-parametric correlation coefficients that are more appropriate for ordinal data, which Likert scales can also be classified as. Phi coefficient is used for analyzing the relationship between two categorical variables.

Question 9

A study of the relationship between SES and high school completion rates indicated a correlation of r=.60. How much variance do these two variables share?

Accepted Answer

The shared variance between two variables is calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient (r). In this case, r = 0.60, so the shared variance is 0.60^2 = 0.36, or 36%.

Question 10

The common variance shared by the predictor and criterion variables is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

The common variance shared by the predictor and criterion variables is measured by the coefficient of determination, which is typically denoted as R-squared. The standard error of regression is a measure of the variability of the errors in a linear regression model, and the coefficient of regression is a measure of the change in the criterion variable associated with a one-unit change in the predictor variable. The standard error of determination is not a commonly used statistic in regression analysis.

Question 11

Barb is calculating the correlations between test items on a new version of her I like school assessment. Of the following, which is likely a correlation coefficient for her to use?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Barb is calculating the correlations between test...

Question 12

Cindy wants to use a correlational analysis to predict if individuals' are field-dependent or field-independent. Which of the following analysis approaches should she use?

Accepted Answer

Discriminate function analysis is used to predict group membership based on a set of predictor variables. In this case, Cindy wants to predict whether individuals are field-dependent or field-independent based on their scores on a correlational analysis. Therefore, discriminate function analysis is the appropriate analysis approach to use.

Question 13

In a single prediction question Y=a + bX), X represents an)

Accepted Answer

In the regression equation Y=a + bX, X represents the predictor variable, which is typically an individual's score on a particular variable. Therefore, the correct option is C, individual's score.

Question 14

A correlation between reading and math achievement scores on a national standardized test for first graders indicates a correlation of r=.90. How much variance do these scores share?

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient (r) squared represents the proportion of shared variance between two variables. Therefore, r squared = (.90)^2 = .81, or 81%, which indicates that 81% of the variance in math achievement scores can be explained by variance in reading scores. So, the correct answer is C.

Question 15

Compared to causal-comparative studies, one advantage of correlational studies in schools is that they often

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies often take less time than causal-comparative studies because they do not require the researcher to manipulate the independent variable.

Question 16

For each, consider the information the correlation provides.
-Kenji reported a correlation of -.85 between hours spent in community service and adolescent drug use. This finding suggests that

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation suggests an inverse relationship between the two variables. Therefore, as hours spent in community service increase, adolescent drug use decreases. This supports choice C.

Question 17

Which of the following illustrates a correlational research topic?

Accepted Answer

Choice A involves examining whether weight and exercise predict life satisfaction, which involves exploring a correlation between variables. The other choices do not involve exploring correlations between variables.

Question 18

Which of the following measures is used when the criterion variable in a prediction study is categorical?

Accepted Answer

Discriminant function analysis is the best choice when the criterion variable is categorical as it aims to classify individuals into different categories based on their scores on a set of predictor variables. This technique is particularly useful for predicting group membership or outcomes that fall into discrete categories such as yes/no, pass/fail, or categories of a nominal variable. Multiple regression and canonical correlation are used when both the predictor and criterion variables are continuous, whereas path analysis is typically used to test complex hypotheses with multiple causal pathways between variables.

Question 19

When considering the use of Spearman rho or Pearson r for use with a small sample.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the use of Spearman rho...

Question 20

Cheryl used age, education, and income to predict scores on a life satisfaction survey. Her regression equation accounted for 58% of the variance in life satisfaction. She collects a new sample and applies her equation.
-This process is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Cross-validation involves testing a model or equation on a new sample to determine if it still accurately predicts the outcome. This is exactly what Cheryl is doing by applying her regression equation to a new sample. Choice A (discriminate testing) is not a relevant term in this context, and sample attenuation (Choice B) refers to a decrease in effect size due to measurement error, which is not what is happening here. Regression reliability (Choice D) is also not the best choice, as it is a more general term that refers to the consistency and stability of a regression equation over time and across different samples.

Quiz 8: Correlational Research and Resources

In a single prediction question Y=a + bX) , Y represents an)

For each, consider the information the correlation provides. -Monica, on the other hand, reported a correlation of 3.4 between community service and interest in helping professions among adolescents. This finding suggests that