Question 1

The self-concept is most related to the facet of self that William James termed the:

Accepted Answer

William James introduced the concept of the "Me" to refer to the self-concept, or the sum total of a person's thoughts and beliefs about themselves. This is closely related to the concept of the self-concept. The other choices (A, C, and D) are related to different aspects of Freudian theory and are not directly related to the self-concept as defined by William James.

Question 2

The self-concept can be organized into:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The self-concept can be organized into:
...

Question 3

A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics is called:

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics. Option A refers to a belief in one's control over personal outcomes, Option B refers to a belief that external factors control personal outcomes, and Option C refers to a person's overall subjective evaluation of his or her self-worth.

Question 4

Jared finds extraversion to be an important personality trait in conceptualizing himself. Minnie does not conceptualize herself using the trait of extraversion but does define herself, in part, due to her diligence and reliability. Hazel Markus would state that Jared and Minnie have different:

Accepted Answer

Jared and Minnie have different self-schemas, which are cognitive structures that organize information about the self. Jared's self-schema includes extraversion as an important trait, while Minnie's self-schema emphasizes diligence and reliability. Self-narratives refer to the stories we tell about ourselves, and while they may also differ between Jared and Minnie, the question specifically asks about conceptualizing oneself based on personality traits, suggesting an inquiry into self-schemas. Self-esteem and locus of control are not relevant to the question.

Question 5

When her roommate asked Connie why she wasn't studying for a big test scheduled for the next day, Connie replied, "It doesn't make any difference whether I study or not. I just know I'll make a low grade because I have such bad luck." It is likely that Connie has a(n):

Accepted Answer

Connie believes that her fate is determined by external factors or luck, indicating an external locus of control. Additionally, her statement suggests a negative sense of personal constructs, as she sees herself as helpless and unable to change the outcome of the situation.

Question 6

A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment is called:

Accepted Answer

The term used in the question - "a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment" - is the definition of locus of control. Personal constructs refer to the individual's unique way of understanding and perceiving the world, outcome expectancies are beliefs about the likelihood of achieving a certain outcome, and person-situation controversy refers to the debate over which is more important in determining behavior: the person's personality or the situation they are in.

Question 7

We develop a self-concept primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Our self-concept is strongly influenced by how we perceive ourselves in relation to others. We develop a sense of self through our interactions with others and the feedback we receive from them. While self-reflection, education, and goal setting can also impact our self-concept, they are not the primary factors.

Question 8

The aspect of the self-concept that constitutes a story that we may tell about ourselves is called a:

Accepted Answer

The aspect of the self-concept that constitutes a story that we may tell about ourselves is called a self-narrative. Option A, self-portrait, refers to how we visualize ourselves. Option B, self-verification, refers to the tendency to seek evidence that confirms our existing self-concept. Option C, self-concept, refers to our overall understanding and evaluation of ourselves, which includes various aspects such as beliefs, attitudes, values, and personality traits.

Question 9

People with an internal locus of control tend to:

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control tend to attribute their successes and failures to their own actions and abilities, rather than external factors such as luck or chance. This mindset often leads to a greater sense of personal control and motivation to achieve, resulting in higher levels of success.

Question 10

Social theorist George Mead observed that we adopt a self-concept that is consistent with the consensual view of ourselves held by the _____ other.

Accepted Answer

The term “generalized other” refers to the social and cultural norms and expectations of our community or larger society, rather than the opinions of specific individuals (like stereotype, collective or authoritative Others). Mead believed that we internalize these collective expectations and use them to shape our self-concept and behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is C, generalized other.

Question 11

The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept is called:

Accepted Answer

Self-verification refers to the tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's self-concept. This can involve seeking feedback from others that is consistent with the way one sees oneself, or even subconsciously interpreting events in a way that supports one's existing beliefs about oneself. The other options are not as closely related to this concept.

Question 12

Self-esteem is to self-concept as:

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem and self-concept are related concepts but not identical. Self-esteem refers to the emotional evaluation we make of ourselves, while self-concept is a more cognitive construct related to the beliefs and ideas we have about ourselves. Feeling is related to self-esteem, as it is an emotional state, while thinking is more related to self-concept as it involves cognitive processes. Thus, C is the best choice.

Question 13

_____ developed a locus of control scale.

Accepted Answer

Julian Rotter developed the locus of control scale, which measures the extent to which individuals believe they have control over the events that affect their lives or whether outcomes are determined by external factors such as luck or fate.

Question 14

Jennifer feels uncomfortable when her friends tell her that she is too aggressive and bossy, because she sees herself as a very conservative and caring person. Jennifer seeks:

Accepted Answer

Jennifer's discomfort with being labeled as aggressive and bossy indicates that she has a certain self-concept or self-image that does not align with these characteristics. As a result, she seeks self-verification, which is the desire to have others confirm and validate one's self-concept. She wants her friends to see her in the way she sees herself, as a conservative and caring person. Self-esteem refers to one's overall evaluation of oneself, which may or may not be related to the specific feedback Jennifer has received. Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 15

Eric has several exams, but he does not study. He ends up getting an A on each of them. He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck. Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control.

Accepted Answer

Eric attributes his success to external factors, such as luck or the difficulty of the exams, rather than his own abilities or effort. This is indicative of an external locus of control.

Question 16

fMRI scans reveal that the _____ is activated when people make judgments of whether they possess certain personality traits compared to judging whether the traits apply to someone else.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is activated when people make judgments about themselves, especially related to personality traits, while the right prefrontal cortex is activated when people make judgments about others. The hippocampus is involved in memory processing and the left temporal lobe is critical for language comprehension.

Question 17

The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self is called:

Accepted Answer

The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self is referred to as self-esteem. Self-schema refers to how one sees and interprets oneself, self-verification refers to the desire to have others confirm one's self-concept, and self-narrative refers to the stories we tell about ourselves to ourselves and others.

Question 18

Someone with amnesia who cannot remember her past:

Accepted Answer

Someone with amnesia may lose specific memories (self-narrative) but can still retain a general understanding of who they are (self-concept).

Question 19

Kim, a senior in college, plans to be a doctor and has planned her next eight years of study in great detail. She firmly believes that she can make her dream a reality through commitment and hard work. It is likely that Kim has a(n):

Accepted Answer

Kim's belief that she can make her dream a reality through commitment and hard work suggests that she has an internal locus of control. This means that she believes that her personal actions and decisions can control and influence the outcomes in her life, rather than attributing them to external factors such as luck or chance.

Question 20

People translate goals into behavior in part through:

Accepted Answer

Outcome expectancies refer to the expectations about the outcomes or consequences of a particular behavior. People are more likely to engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to positive outcomes or rewards, and less likely to engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to negative outcomes or punishments. Therefore, translating goals into behavior involves considering the expected outcomes of different actions and choosing behaviors that are likely to lead to the desired outcomes.

Quiz 12: Section 2: Personality