Question 1

Even when they were very young, Casey would show signs of distress if her fraternal twin Cole were crying, reaching over to pat her sister on the back. The intuitionist perspective would suggest that such behavior represents:

Accepted Answer

This behavior aligns with the intuitionist perspective, which posits that moral judgments and actions (like showing distress at another's suffering and attempting to comfort them) are often driven by innate emotional responses rather than taught principles or reasoning.

Question 2

Morality is determined primarily by its consequences for the actor in the _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional stage is characterized by determining morality based on rewards and punishments for the individual. This stage is typically seen in children under the age of nine who are motivated by the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards. Therefore, morality is determined primarily by its consequences for the actor in the preconventional stage of moral development.

Question 3

When children begin to realize that groups of people can agree to adopt, change, or abandon some moral rules, they are in what stage of moral thinking, according to Piaget?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of moral development suggests that in the third stage of moral thinking, which usually begins around age 10, children become aware that moral rules can be changed or abandoned by groups of people. This stage is called the morality of cooperation, or relativism. Children in this stage believe that people can agree to rules that suit their purposes, and that there is no objective standard of morality that applies to everyone. Therefore, the correct answer is D) relativism.

Question 4

According to the moral intuitionist perspective:

Accepted Answer

According to the moral intuitionist perspective, negative emotional reactions to others' pain begin early in life and guide moral reasoning. This means that our gut reactions and emotions play a significant role in shaping our moral judgments, rather than our moral reasoning guiding our emotions. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Options A, B, and C are not consistent with the moral intuitionist perspective.

Question 5

The view that moral judgments do not cause emotional reactions but rather are the consequences of emotional reactions is called the moral _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The moral intuitionist perspective holds that moral judgments are based on intuitive emotional reactions, rather than rational deliberation. This suggests that emotional reactions come first and moral judgments follow, thus making moral judgments a consequence of emotional reactions. Realism emphasizes the existence of objective moral truths, relativism denies the existence of objective moral truths, and humanism places emphasis on individual potential and human agency.

Question 6

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are in the _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are in the conventional stage of moral development where they are concerned with social norms and approval from others. They follow rules to avoid reprimand and want to be seen as a "good" person. This stage is characterized by an emphasis on conformity and following the rules set by society.

Question 7

Morality is determined primarily by the extent to which it conforms to social rules in the _____ state of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, conventional morality is the stage in which individuals conform to social rules and expectations. This stage occurs during adolescence and young adulthood and is characterized by a desire to be seen as a good member of society by following the established norms and rules. Thus, morality is primarily determined by conformity to social rules in the conventional stage of moral development.

Question 8

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood is called:

Accepted Answer

Adolescence is the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood. It is characterized by physical, cognitive, and social changes as individuals navigate the transition from childhood to adulthood.

Question 9

According to Kohlberg's theory, a person who determines morality by using principles that reflect core values is in the _____ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals in the postconventional stage determine morality based on principles that reflect core values and universal ethical principles. They think beyond the norms of society and consider the larger picture of justice and fairness. Therefore, the answer is (C) postconventional.

Question 10

Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

Accepted Answer

Research supports Kohlberg's claim that moral development shifts emphasis from punishment to social rules to ethical principles. This view has been supported by studies, such as those by Rest and Narvaez, that suggest individuals progress through the stages in this order and develop a more principled ethical reasoning as they move through the stages. The other options (A, B, and C) are not supported by research and are not consistent with the current understanding of Kohlberg's theory.

Question 11

Christine went to jail because she was part of a demonstration to stop an international arms conference. Christine believes that international arms dealing is a major cause of worldwide human suffering. Kohlberg would say that Christine is at the _____ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Christine's belief that international arms dealing is a major cause of worldwide human suffering demonstrates a concern for the greater good and the promotion of human rights, which falls under Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development. At this level, individuals understand the importance of maintaining social order while also recognizing that there may be times when laws or societal expectations need to be challenged in order to promote higher ethical principles. This is what Christine is doing by participating in the demonstration to stop the arms conference.

Question 12

In Kohlberg's research and theoretical perspectives on moral development:

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that people must go through the stages in a particular order, starting with the preconventional stage, then moving to the conventional stage, and finally the postconventional stage. According to him, moral development is a sequential and progressive process.

Question 13

According to Piaget, when children learn that taking turns while playing a game is an example of fairness, they have shifted their moral perspective from:

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that there are two stages of moral development in children. The first is the heteronomous stage, where rules are seen as fixed and unchangeable, and obedience to authority is emphasized. In this stage, morality is based on prescriptions, or rules handed down by authority figures. The second stage is the autonomous stage, where children realize that rules are made by people and can be changed. They understand that fairness requires equal say and respect for everyone involved. Morality in this stage becomes based on principles rather than prescriptions. Therefore, when children learn that taking turns while playing a game is an example of fairness, they have shifted their moral perspective from prescriptions to principles.

Question 14

In just 3 or 4 years, the average adolescent gains about _____ pounds, and grows about _____ inches.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In just 3 or 4 years, the...

Question 15

Most people find it morally permissible to sacrifice one life to save five lives, if the action involves pulling a switch. However, most people find it morally impermissible to sacrifice one life for five lives if the action involves pushing a man from a bridge. Why?

Accepted Answer

Pushing a man off a bridge is more emotionally charged than simply pulling a switch. The act of physically pushing a person is morally different from flipping a switch, even if the consequences are the same. This difference is primarily due to emotions and not a strictly logical analysis of the action.

Question 16

Ian is convinced that a child who broke 12 cups accidentally did a worse thing than a child who deliberately broke 1 cup. According to Piaget, Ian is judging morality in terms of its:

Accepted Answer

Ian is focusing on the consequences (the number of cups broken) rather than the intention behind the action, which aligns with Piaget's stage of moral development where children judge the morality of actions based on their outcomes rather than intentions.

Question 17

According to the moral intuitionist perspective, humans developed the distinctions between right and wrong as a way of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the moral intuitionist perspective, humans...

Question 18

Second grader Riley tells his friend Gus not to run in the hallway because it is against the school rules and he might be punished. Most likely, Riley is in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Second grader Riley tells his friend Gus...

Question 19

For Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development unfolds in the following sequence: emphasis on _____, then emphasis on _____, and finally, emphasis on _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development progresses from an emphasis on consequences (pre-conventional level), to social roles (conventional level), and finally to ethical principles (post-conventional level).

Question 20

The adolescent growth spurt begins in girls at about age _____ and in boys at about age _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The adolescent growth spurt begins in girls...

Quiz 11: Section 2: Development