Of the theories described in chapters 2 and 3, _____ most clearly qualifies as a contextual theory.

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Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory is a contextual theory that emphasizes the influence of various environmental systems on development. It takes into account not only individual characteristics, but also the broader social, cultural, and historical contexts that shape development. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory and Bandura's cognitive social-learning theory both focus more on individual cognitive processes and do not consider contextual factors to the same extent. Freud's psychosexual theory also places more emphasis on individual psychological processes, although it does acknowledge the role of early experiences and socialization in shaping development.

Of the Theories Described in Chapters 2 and 3, _____