Question 1

Dana and Gerry's 9-year-old son is particularly kind and considerate. Using the three means of parent socialization-direct instruction, indirect socialization, and social management-describe how Dana and Gerry might have socialized their son's kindness and consideration. Which of the three means of parental socialization might Dana and Gerry have used intentionally? Be specific and provide examples.

Accepted Answer

Dana and Gerry may have socialized their son's kindness and consideration through direct instruction by explicitly teaching him about the importance of being kind and considerate towards others. For example, they may have had conversations with him about the impact of his actions on others and the value of empathy.

They may have also used indirect socialization by modeling kind and considerate behavior themselves. For instance, they may have demonstrated acts of kindness towards others and consistently shown empathy in their interactions with people, which their son would have observed and learned from.

In terms of social management, Dana and Gerry may have set clear expectations and rules for their son regarding how he should treat others. They may have provided positive reinforcement when he displayed kindness and consideration, and addressed any instances where he may have acted unkindly.

It is likely that Dana and Gerry intentionally used direct instruction to teach their son about kindness and consideration, as they may have had explicit conversations with him about these values and their importance. They may have also used social management intentionally by setting clear expectations and providing positive reinforcement for his behavior.

Question 2

Describe how the effects of non-maternal child care appear to differ for children from low-income families versus children from working-class families. Why do you believe these differences exist? Give specific examples to support your argument.

Accepted Answer

The effects of non-maternal child care appear to differ for children from low-income families versus children from working-class families in several ways.

Firstly, research has shown that children from low-income families who receive non-maternal child care may experience more negative outcomes compared to children from working-class families. This could be due to the fact that low-income families may have limited access to high-quality child care facilities, leading to a lack of stimulating and supportive environments for their children. On the other hand, working-class families may have more resources to afford better quality child care, which can positively impact their children's development.

Additionally, children from low-income families may face additional stressors and challenges outside of child care, such as unstable housing, food insecurity, and limited access to healthcare. These factors can exacerbate the negative effects of non-maternal child care on their overall well-being.

Furthermore, the differences in parental involvement and support for children in non-maternal child care can also contribute to varying outcomes. Low-income families may have less time and resources to be actively involved in their children's care and education, while working-class families may have more flexibility and support to engage with their children's caregivers and participate in their development.

These differences exist due to systemic inequalities and disparities in access to resources and support for low-income families. For example, a study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development found that children from low-income families who attended lower-quality child care facilities showed more behavior problems and lower cognitive skills compared to children from higher-income families. This highlights the impact of socioeconomic status on the quality of child care and its effects on children's development.

In conclusion, the effects of non-maternal child care differ for children from low-income families versus working-class families due to disparities in access to high-quality care, additional stressors and challenges faced by low-income families, and differences in parental involvement and support. These disparities highlight the need for targeted interventions and support for low-income families to ensure that all children have access to high-quality child care and opportunities for positive development.

Question 3

To what does the phrase "bidirectionality of parent‒child interactions" refer? Provide a detailed example of this phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Not Answer

Question 4

Why do some children seem fine following a divorce whereas others do poorly? Describe three factors likely to decrease children's risk for poor adjustment and three factors likely to increase children's risk. Explain the role these factors play.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do some children seem fine following...

Question 5

Researchers have suggested that general parenting style influences the impact that specific parenting practices have on children, as well as children's receptiveness to parents' practices. Give two examples from your own life (or from the life of someone you know) to support this notion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers have suggested that general parenting style...

Question 6

Describe what is meant by differential susceptibility. Provide an example of how children with a difficult temperament may be differentially susceptible to parenting style.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what is meant by differential susceptibility....

Question 7

Describe the current psychological understanding of the effects of child care on children's attachment to their parents, levels of aggression, and cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the current psychological understanding of the...

Question 8

Gretchen, a 7-year-old, has just started taking gymnastics class for the first time. After two classes, she decides she does not want to go anymore. Describe how parents exhibiting each of the four parenting styles identified by Baumrind might react to Gretchen's decision.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gretchen, a 7-year-old, has just started taking...

Question 9

Describe the family dynamics that may be involved when the Wen family, made up of a divorced mother and her three children-Jack, who is 4 years old; Kendall, who is 9 years old; and Ramie, who is 13 years old-is informed that Kendall has been in a serious car accident with a school friend. What are some possible effects on how the family operates as a whole and how might it affect the development of the three children in the family?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the family dynamics that may be...

Question 10

Imagine a mother of a 4-year-old daughter and a 6-year-old son. She has been staying home full time with her children since her son was born, but now she is considering going back to work full time outside of the home. What advice could be given to her based on the research in this chapter? Would the advice be different if she had two girls rather than a boy and a girl? What about if she had two boys? Would the advice depend at all on why she is considering going back to work-because she wants to or because she has to in order to provide necessary additional family income? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine a mother of a 4-year-old daughter...

Question 11

Describe the child development outcomes that are associated with the authoritative style of parenting. Why is this parenting style associated with these types of outcomes for children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the child development outcomes that are...

Question 12

Imagine a mother who is going through the process of divorce. What advice could be given to her to help her in improving her children's adjustment following the divorce? Be specific.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine a mother who is going through...

Question 13

Describe how the sociocultural context in which you grew up might have affected your parents' behaviour toward you. Be specific and give at least three supportive examples. You can think about the sociocultural context as your race or ethnicity, or as the country or part of the country in which you were raised.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how the sociocultural context in which...

Question 14

Consider a sibling relationship you know well-your own, your cousin's, or a friend's, for example-and briefly describe the level of conflict the pair engaged in during their childhoods. Thinking about the factors outlined in the text that can impact the quality of the sibling relationship, describe two factors that you believe may have increased or decreased the level of sibling rivalry in this particular pair. Be sure to explain how each of the two factors may have played a role.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider a sibling relationship you know well-your...

Question 15

Write a brief article for a parenting magazine describing the good and bad qualities of sibling relationships. Also describe what parents can do to help the older sibling adjust to the addition of a new family member.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Write a brief article for a parenting...

Question 16

Describe three factors likely to have an impact on children's adjustment following a custodial parent's remarriage. Explain the role these factors play and why you think they are important. Give examples as necessary to support your points.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe three factors likely to have an...

Question 17

Describe the four parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind. For each style, describe how it is defined, as well as its effects on children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the four parenting styles identified by...

Question 18

Design an intervention for low-SES families to improve parenting style. Identify three aspects of parent behaviour that will be targeted, how attempts will be made to improve the behaviours, and what results should be expected in terms of parenting style and child outcome. Be specific as to how it will be determined whether the intervention has been successful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an intervention for low-SES families to...

Question 19

If you are not already a parent, has the information on the differences between younger and older parents had an impact on your thoughts about when would be ideal for you to become a parent? If you are already a parent, what have you learned from this information that influences your perspective on the age at which you had your children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you are not already a parent,...

Question 20

Think about a personality characteristic that most people would find appealing or important. Think also about a personality characteristic that most people find particularly unappealing or unlikable. Using the three means of parent socialization-direct instruction, indirect socialization, and social management-describe how parents might socialize each of these two characteristics. Be specific and provide examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think about a personality characteristic that most...

Quiz 12: Section 1: The Family